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| Questão | Responda |
| what does the auditory processing stream consist of? | environmental stimuli -> stimulus on receptors -> transduction -> neural processing -> perception -> recognition |
| do the air molecules in space more or the waves? | the waves -- the air molecules stay in roughly the same space |
| what energy is the sound wave? | kinetic energy |
| what is sound? | waves made due to changes in air pressure -- from low and high areas of pressure |
| what is a sound wavelength made up of? | how long it takes for a cycle of compression & rarefaction |
| what are the high pressure & low pressure areas called? | compression & rarefaction respectively |
| What does frequency refer to perceptually? | pitch |
| what does amplitude (intensity) refer to perceptually? | loudness (dB) |
| how it amplitude measured | from that middle like to a point of compression |
| what is complexity perceptually? | timbre -- the sound quality |
| what are the units for frequency | hertz |
| what is the hearing range for a human? | 20-20k hertz |
| what is the frequency of the middle C on a piano? | 261.63 Hz |
| what does high amplitude mean? | loud noises |
| the higher the frequency..? | the shorter the wavelength |
| what is the threshold for human hearing in terms of loudness? | 0 dB |
| what is the threshold for pain? | 140 dB |
| what are complex waves consisted of? | fundamental waves: wavelength of the longest component harmonics: determines the timbre |
| what does the fundamental frequency determine? | pitch of the sound -- the main frequency |
| what do the harmonics determine? | sound quality |
| what does our outer ear do to the incoming sound waves? | channel them inwards & amplify them + protective of auditory canal |
| where does auditory transduction take place? | cochlear |
| where does the sound wave travel to from the auditory canal? | to the end to reach the eardrum membrane |
| what does the air pressure change into after reaching the eardums? | from kinetic to mechanical energy -- causing the eardrum to vibrate |
| where do these vibrations go next after the eardrum? | to the vestibular system |
| where is the vestibular system? | in the middle ear after the eardrums |
| what are the 3 things called that make up the vestibular system? what is a key trait of them? | 3 semicircular canals -- fluid-filled |
| name of fluid in the semi-circular canals | endolymph |
| what is our vestibular system responsible for? what happens if there's damage to this? | our balance -- vertigo & trouble with balancing if damaged |
| what is the vestibular-ocular reflex? | when we're moving our head, the system rapidly compensates for this by moving our eyes in the opposite direction to maintain clear vision |
| what are the 3 small bones in our middle ear called? name all three | ossicles -- malleus, incus, stapes |
| where is the malleus located | right after the eardrum |
| what is the stapes connected to? | another membrane known as the oval window |
| what is the process of the 3 bones vibrating, causing the fluid in the cochlear to move called? | bone conduction |
| what is the membrane in the cochlear called? | basilar membrane |
| what can the ear act as? | a frequency analyzer |
| how does sounds travel thru the basilar membrane? | it is dependent on their frequency -- a different part moving based on it |
| what is in the cochlear that is extremely vulnerable to damage? | hair cells - they can fire off and send signals to the auditory nerve to the brain |
| what happens when a hair cell is deflected? | potassium ion channels open up -- neurotransmitters releasing across synapse & causing action potential |
| what is the measurement hair cells can respond to? | 10 pictometers |
| what are our hair cells described to be in terms of frequency? | tonotopic |
| what is the arrangement in the primary auditory cortex? | tonotopic cortical organisation |
| what is this arrangement similar to? | the cochlear's tonotopic arrangements - low frequencies at start & high at the end |
| what are the points of auditory transduction where the energy becomes mechanical? | when the soundwave travels from the ear drum to the oval window thru the middle ear, when the hair cells bend in the basilar membrane |
| what are the 3 things needs for auditory perception? | pitch & loudness, location in space, grouping |
| are pitch & loudness independent? | physically, yes. In terms of auditory perception, no |
| explain how so | low frequencies need to be more intense to be perceived as the same loudness of another frequency's loudness |
| what cues do we rely on for space perception, and what are these described as? | loudness, doppler effect; monaural |
| whats the doppler effect? | higher frequencies are lost over distance, like a car's revving sound |
| what does binaueral space perception consist of? | interaural intensity difference & interaural time difference |
| whats it called when our head gets in the way of sound processing? | head shadow |
| up to what differences in time can we detect? | 0.007 seconds |
| how do we group streams of sound in the same proximity into? | time, space, frequency |
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