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| Questão | Responda |
| where is noradrenaline released from? | locus coeruleus |
| what is it & what is it involved in? | a neurotransmitter preparing the body for action |
| what can noradrenaline enhance? | memory formation & retrieval |
| what factors impact how we deal with stres differently? | early events -- prenatal & postnatal stress, personality traits, appraisal available & types of conflict |
| What is a life-event we use to examine prenatal stress? | dutch hunger winter |
| what was found in the babies born after the dutch hunger winter? | had thrifty metabolism, due to metabolic imprinting during the famine where they got better at storing salts & food from small diet |
| what did the finnish study on the 400+ men's birthweight & cortisol elevels find? | Kajantie et al., found that lower birthweight = higher cortisol levels |
| what does early exposure to stress program? | our stress reactivity |
| What did the studies on pregnant rats, or baby rats find on their postnatal stress impacts? | those who faced maternal seperation had an increase in their stress response (glucocorticoid response) & more fearfulness (Plotsky & Meaney, 1993) |
| What did Gunner's study o the romanian orphans finds? | the romanian children had higher cortisol levels than those who were re-homed in canada |
| What did Nili et al. find on with the p's who chose to bring the snake closer? | higher skin conductive response (sweating) more fearfulness reduced amygdala activity - showing some form of control over it |
| what part of the brain is responsible for emotional regulation? | medial prefrontal cortex |
| what kind of system is it & what does it balance out? | top-down system, balancing out the amygdala's ability to perceive threat as a bottom-up system |
| what was found about the amygdala in patrick's study when p's had to detect threats? | the amygdala activity was higher when p's viewed fearful faces, and also took longer |
| what system regulates the perceived threats? | top-down medial prefrontal cortex |
| how does stress affect encoding in Henken's study with the film clips? | p's were better able to recall the remembered picture after the fearful clip |
| How does stress impact consolidation in Cahill's study with stress after learning? | were able to remember emotional pictures better than neutral |
| what test did Cahill's study include with testing stress on consolidation? | cold pressor test |
| what test is associated with testing stress on retrieval? | trier test |
| how did the trier test impact retrieval? | veerrry badly, unlike stress on the other stages of memory |
| why is memory impacts by stres? in regards to the hippocampus | the hippocampus is responsible for memory and also has the stress receptors -- like gluococorticoids |
| What is people's coping ability with stress dependent on? | the cognitive appraisal of a situation |
| what as the 2 types of appraisal -- as suggested by Lazarus | primary appraisal: relevance to situation & needs Secondary appraisal: resources & options to cope with stressor |
| what are the different types of conflict? | approach-approach avoidance-avoidance approach-avoidance |
| what are the personality traits associated with coping with stress? | procrastination & submissiveness |
| what did Tice & Baumeister find with students who procrastinated & didnt? | procrastinators had low levels of stress but then a sudden spike eventually |
| what is sensation seeking involved in? | risky behaviour |
| what are the physiological responses with engaging in risky, sensation seeking behaviour? | rapid triggering of ANs & release of adrenaline + noradrenaline dopamine release |
| what impacts the dopamine release? | anticipatory pleasure |
| when does this release occur & when is it at its highest? | just before the reward, signal, task, high probability of reward |
| summary |
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