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| Questão | Responda |
| What is the function of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the diet ? | Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are used by the body to release energy and to build cells. |
| In what quantities and for what purpose are mineral ions needed by the body? | Mineral ions and vitamins are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. |
| What does it mean if a person is malnourished ? | A person is malnourished if their diet is not balanced. |
| Describe the possible consequences of an unbalanced diet | This may lead to a person being overweight or underweight. An unbalanced diet may also lead to deficiency diseases or conditions such as Type 2 diabetes. b |
| What is the metabolic rate ? | The rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out |
| List factors that may affect a person metabolic rate | 1. varies with the amount of activity you do 2. The proportion of muscle to fat in your body. (more muscle = faster metabolic rate) 3. inherited factors. |
| Inherited factors also affect our health - give 1 example | cholesterol level |
| What are pathogens ? | Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogens. |
| Describe how bacteria and viruses make us ill | 1.Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body and may produce poisons (toxins) that make us feel ill. 2. Viruses damage the cells in which they reproduce. |
| Describe how white blood cells help to defend against pathogens | ■ ingesting pathogens ■ producing antibodies, which destroy particular bacteria or viruses ■ producing antitoxins |
| How does the body become immune to a specific pathogen ? | White blood cells produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen. This leads to immunity from that pathogen. |
| What important discovery did Semmelweis make ? | Semmelweis recognised the importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious diseases |
| How did Semmelweis discovery help to save lives ? | By insisting that doctors washed their hands before examining patients, he greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital |
| Describe the use and limitations of painkillers ? | Some medicines, including painkillers, help to relieve the symptoms of infectious disease, but do not kill the pathogens. |
| What are antibiotics ? | Antibiotics, including penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body. |
| Why cant antibiotics be used on viruses' eg the flu? | Antibiotics cannot be used to kill viral pathogens, which live and reproduce inside cells ( to kill the virus you would have to kill the cell as well) |
| Describe 2 things that can lead to antibiotic resistance? | 1.Overuse 2. inappropriate use |
| Give an example of a antibiotic resistant bacteria | MRSA |
| Describe how antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria occur ? | 1. mutation in bacteria make some resistant 2. antibiotics kill non- resistant strains 3. resistant strain survive and pass on their gene for resistance |
| Describe how vaccination works? | indroduce small quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogen into the body (vaccination). Vaccines stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens. |
| What does the MMR vaccine protect against ? | MMR vaccine is used to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella. |
| Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms are required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics. Describe the procedure for doing this ? | ■ Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised to kill unwanted microorganisms ■ inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing through a flame ■ lid of the Petri dish secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture. |
| What temperatures should cultures be incubated at in school laboratories and why? | In school and college laboratories, cultures should be incubated at a maximum temperature of 25°C, which greatly reduces the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans |
| Why are higher temperatures used to incubate cultures in industry ? | In industrial conditions higher temperatures can produce more rapid growth. |
| give 3 factors that affect how much energy a person needs | 1. size of person 2. sex of person 3. amount of exercise 4. outside temperature 5. pregnancy |
| what is meant by a mutation | a change in a gene |
| how is a pandemic different to an epidemic | a pandemic occurs when a disease spreads between different countries , an epidemic is just in one country |
| why has MRSA led to so many deaths in hospitals | 1. resistant to antibiotics 2. as it is a new strain 3. so people are not immune to it 4. patients in hospital are more susceptible to infection |
| Describe in detail the differences between antibody production after an injection of vaccine and after the person is later exposed to the pathogen. | After exposure to the pathogen: • greater number of antibodies produced • antibodies stay (in higher concentration) for longer • antibodies produced quicker |
| draw a graph to show the difference in antibody production after vaccination and after exposure to the real pathogen later |
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