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| Questão | Responda |
| Welfare-to-work: | Welfare programs that boost employability skills and provide incentives for people to work. |
| Communitarianism: | The belief that people are happier and more secure if they live within communities that have clear values and a strong culture. |
| Credit crunch: | A reduction in the general availability of loans (or credit), usually due to an unwillingness of banks to lend to one another. |
| Structural deficit: | That part of a budget deficit that stems from a fundamental imbalance between the government's tax revenues and its spending level. |
| Crowding out: | The theory that an over-large state damages the performance of private businesses by depriving them of necessary resources. |
| Social liberalism: | A commitment to social welfare designed to promote equal opportunities and to help individuals to help themselves. |
| Monetary stimulus: | A policy that seeks to stimulate economic growth by reducing interest rates in order to make borrowing easier. |
| Fiscal stimulus: | A policy aimed at promoting economic growth by allowing government spending to exceed tax revenues. |
| Faction: | A group of like-minded politicians, usually formed around a key leader or in support of a set of preferred policies. |
| Catch-all party: | A party that develops policies that will appeal to the widest range of voters, by contrast with a programmatic party. |
| Left: | Political ideas that are based on generally optimistic views about human nature and favour social change; left-wingers tend to support liberty, equality an state intervention. |
| Right: | Political ideas that tend to be pessimistic about human nature and oppose change; right-wingers typically favour order, authority and oppose state intervention. |
| Capitalism: | An economic system in which wealth is owned privately and economic life is organized according to the market. |
| Ideology: | An 'ism', a more or less coherent set of ideas, values and theories that help to explain the world and guide political action. |
| Conviction politics: | A style of politics in which party policies are shaped by the ideological convictions of its leader. |
| Social justice: | A morally justifiable distribution of wealth, usually implying a desire to reduce material inequalities (rather than absolute equality). |
| Nationalization: | The extension of state control over the economy through the transfer of industries from private ownership to public ownership. |
| Paternalism: | Acting in the interests of others who are unable to make informed moral decisions, supposedly as fathers do in relation to children. |
| Progressive taxation: | A system of taxation in which the rich pay proportionally more in tax than the poor, usually based on graduated direct taxes. |
| Consensus politics: | An overlap of ideological positions between two or more political parties; an agreement about fundamental policy goals that permits disagreement on matters of detail or emphasis. |
| Free market: | The principle or policy of unrestricted market competition, free from government interference. |
| Individualism: | A belief in the primacy of the human individual, implying that people are self-interested and largely self-reliant. |
| Collectivism: | A belief in people working together and supporting one another, often (but not necessarily) linked to state intervention. |
| Privatization: | The selling off of nationalized industries and other state assets, transferring them from the public to the private sector. |
| Minimal state: | A state that only maintains domestic order, enforces legal agreements and protects against external attack, leaving other matters in the hands of the individual. |
| Social conservatism: | The belief that tradition, order and a common morality provide the basis for a stable and healthy society. |
| Permissiveness: | The willingness to allow people to make their own moral choices or to 'do their own thing' because there are no authoritative values. |
| Euroscepticism: | Opposition to the process of European integration, based on a defense of national sovereignty and national identity, Eurosceptics are not necessarily anti-European. |
| Adversary politics: | A form of politics that is characterized by deep ideological conflicts between major parties; the parties offer rival ideological visions. |
| Third way: | The idea of an alternative to both 'top down' Keynesian social democracy and the free-market policies of Thatcherism. |
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