Energy

Questão	Responda
If energy intake = energy expenditure subject is in	energy balance.
If energy intake is greater than energy expenditure the subject is	in positive energy balance. Excess energy is stored as fat.
If energy intake is less than energy expenditure, the is subject is	in negative energy balance. Fat stores are mobilised.
Energy is available from 4 sources?	CHO FAT PROTEIN ALCOHOL
The gross energy value of food is measured by a	Bomb calorimeter
You need an excess of around 8000kcal to gain	1kg of fat
An average 25 year old female needs to consume how many calories per day?	2080
An average 25 year old male needs to consume how many calories per day?	2600
3 components of total energy expenditure?	Basal metabolic rate. Physical activity. Thermic effect of food.
Basal metabolic rate accounts for what percentage of TEE?	60-70%
Minimal energy to survive is called the ?	Basal metabolic rate
Physical activity accounts for what percentage of TEE?	15-30%
Thermic effect of food accounts for what percentage of TEE?	10%
Thermic effect of food means?	Increased energy expenditure after eating, due to digesting and absorbing food
Factors affecting the basal metabolic rate?	Body weight (increased weight, increases BMR) Body composition (the higher % of fat, the lower the BMR) Age (higher BMR in childhood). (Decreases from around 18 years onwards) Gender (BMR is higher in males due to increased muscle mass)
Direct Calorimetry means?	Heat given off by a human is measured by temperature changes flowing through a calorimeter.
Indirect Calorimetry	The rate of oxygen consumption by the body can be used to measure metabolic rate.
95% of all metabolic reactions require ?	Oxygen
What percentage of CHO, FAT and protein should be in your diet?	CHO - 50-55% FAT - 30-35% PROTEIN - 10-15%
3 types of carbohydrates?	Monsaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose). Disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose). Polysaccharides (glycogen).
What is the storage from of CHO (carbohydrate) in animals?	Glycogen
Where is glycogen stored?	Liver and skeletal muscles
Liver glycogen helps to maintain what between meals?	Blood glucose
3 classes of lipids (fats)?	Triglycerides - 90% Phospholipids - 5% Steroids - 5%
Triglycerides are stored in the body in what type of tissue?	ADIPOSE TISSUE
Triglycerides are composed of what?	Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids are composed of a?	glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acids.
What are steroids composed of?	4 interconnected carbon rings.
Examples of steroids?	cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol.
Proteins are a source of	amino acids.
Proteins are only used once fat and carbs have been used up?	Yes
Proteins are made up from combinations of how many amino acids?	20
Primary structure of protein?	linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure of protein?	Twisting of the amino acid chain into a helix or pleated sheet.
Tertiary structure of protein?	3d shape of amino acid chain.
Quaternary structure?	2 or more polypeptide chains held together by bonds.
Most enzymes are what type of protein?	Globular
Most enzymes stabalise at which temperature?	37 degrees
Enzyme denatures at around which temperature?	42 degrees
Factors affecting enzyme activity?	PH Temperature
Enzymes only function within a.............PH range	very narrow
ATP stands for ?	Adenosine triphosphate
ATP production is known as	chemical respiration.
Only a small amount of ATP can be stored in the body (..g), but the body may use ...g per hour.	50,400
Anaerobic	Without oxygen
Aerobic	with oxygen
Anaerobic activities are what type of activities?	Strenuous activities which can only be maintained for a short period of time.
Aerobic activities are	low to moderate activities which can be sustained for a long time.
When oxygen supply meets oxygen demand this is known as a	steady state
How many ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose?	38
3 stages of ATP production?	Glycolysis in cytoplasm (no oxygen required). Kreb's cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria (oxygen required). Electron Transport chain in cristae of mitochondria (oxygen required).
Where does glycolysis take place? Where does the Kreb's cycle take place? Where does the electron transport chain take place?	Glycolysis in cytoplasm. Kreb's cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria. Electron Transport chain in cristae of mitochondria.
Glycolysis	6 carbon glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of 3-carbon pyruvic acid. Net production of 2 ATP.
If no oxygen is present, pyruvic acid is converted to ....	lactic acid.
Kreb's cycle	3-C Pyruvic acid loses 1 carbon to become 2-C acetyl Co-enzyme A (Acetyl Co-A). Results in the production of 2 ATP.
Electron transport chain	Oxygen must be present. Results in the production of 34 ATP.
A douglas bag is used in .......	indirect calorimetry
For every litre of oxygen used, the body uses.... k.cal or ....kj of energy.	4.8 or 20
The percentage of oxygen in inspired air is....	21%
Measuring metabolic rate calculation.	Volume O2 in inspired air x litres =A Volume 02 in expired air x litres = B A-B=C C/by volume of 02 used per X minutes = D D X4.8kcal= E E/body weight =FINAL ANSWER.

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	Criado por Morgan Morgan quase 11 anos atrás