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| Questão | Responda |
| --TO WHAT EXTENT DID GERMANY'S GOVERNMENTS RULE BY CONSENT IN THE YEARS 1918-89?-- | --TO WHAT EXTENT DID GERMANY'S GOVERNMENTS RULE BY CONSENT IN THE YEARS 1918-89?-- |
| --The nature of support for the Weimar Constitution, 1918-32-- | --The nature of support for the Weimar Constitution, 1918-32-- |
| What was one of the biggest signs of support for the Weimar Constitution? | The significant number of people who turned out to vote in every election, which suggests that they were in favour of the democratic process because they were prepared to go and vote. |
| Give some statistics of the turnout in the general elections, 1919-1932. | 1919 - 83% 1920 - 79.2% May 1924 - 77.4% December 1924 - 78.8% 1928 - 75.6% 1930 - 82% July 1932 - 84% November 1932 - 80.6% |
| --Which political parties supported the constitution?-- | --Which political parties supported the constitution?-- |
| Which party always supported the Weimar Constitution? | The SPD. |
| How did the moderate parties act towards the Weimar Constitution, and who were these moderate parties? | -Most played a part in the government coalitions so supported the constitution, but to different degrees. -These parties were: DDP, DNVP and Z. The DNVP was the most lukewarm to the constitution. |
| Even though these parties supported the Constitution, what problem remained? | -They HAD to be prepared to work together to negotiate policies that would help the government to function properly. -They could not do this. |
| Since the majority of people supported these parties, what does this tell us about public opinion for the Constitution? | It shows that certain groups of people supported the Constitution, for the moderate parties: middle-class business people, Catholics and the professional classes. |
| Give some statistics on how the support for the Constitution changed from 1919-1932. | |
| --Popular support for the constitution-- | --Popular support for the constitution-- |
| Why was there rises and falls in the support for the constitution? | Big changes when the government were doing something right or wrong. -Golden Years (1924-29) saw an increase support for pro-constitution parties. -However, when things were bad, the public voted in a right-wing president, and eventually the Nazi Party (who destroyed the Constitution for good). |
| --Support for the Nazi regime and the use of propaganda, 1933-45-- | --Support for the Nazi regime and the use of propaganda, 1933-45-- |
| What was one way in which the Nazis managed to gain a lot of support for the Regime? | -They created the Führer Myth. -This made Hitler into a national hero, a god-like figure that could do no wrong. -This meant that people were more likely to make sacrifices for Hitler when Hitler wanted them to do something. |
| --Winning support-- | --Winning support-- |
| Name 5 ways in which the Nazis were able to win support. | -Propaganda. -Punishing opposition, and rewarding conformation. -Policies for people who shared their prejudices. -Policies so people would make gains from the Nazi rule. -Creating a Germany that would be great again. |
| --Propaganda-- | --Propaganda-- |
| What was one of the Hitler's great sayings about propaganda (the outline of it)? | That people could be won over to almost anything if it was presented as a simple idea, with a single slogan or image repeated over and over again. |
| Give 2 examples of this. | -'Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Führer' -Image of a Jewish person as an ugly dark man with a huge hooked nose. |
| How did the Nazi control of the media help in terms of propaganda? | -The Nazis could manipulate what people heard and saw from very early on. -This enabled Hitler to be seen in a very popular 'light' to the general public. |
| How did the radio help the Nazi propaganda machine? | -Nazis made sure that the cheapest and most widely available radio was the People's Receiver. -1939 - 70% of population owned a radio. -1943 - one-third of all radios were People's Receiver. -These radios had a limited range, so they could not pick up foreign stations. -It also made sure that the majority of the population could listen to Hitler's speeches, therefore boosting support for the regime. |
| How did the Nazis manipulate the news and other information services after 1933 to achieve? | They made sure that people thought that Nazi policies were working, or that Nazi prejudices were just right. FOR EXAMPLE: Nazis crowded all Jewish people into ghettos and then selected images of Jews looking like this were used to reinforce anti-Semitic propaganda. |
| --Punishing opposition and rewarding conformity-- | --Punishing opposition and rewarding conformity-- |
| How were women rewarded for conformity? | -They were rewarded medals for having babies. -They a 1,000 mark marriage loan which would be reduced by 250 marks per child. -Women would receive regular check-ups and vitamins while pregnant too. |
| How were workers rewarded for conformity? | -The DAF set up the KDF (Strength through Joy). -This allowed workers to enjoy after-work activities, and also improve the amenities that they had at work (pools, food halls etc). -These activities were free due to heavy subsidization from the government. |
| --Policies for people who shared their prejudices-- | --Policies for people who shared their prejudices-- |
| How did some Nazi policies appeal to certain sections of the public? | Due to the fact that there were people who hated Jews, gays, Gypsies, communists and other groups seen by Nazis as 'undesirable' the people that thought this would support the Nazis. |
| How did people show their support for these 'undesirable' policies? | -Being an informant. -Running Hitler Youth groups. -Acting as an official of the DAF. |
| --Policies so people would make gains from the Nazi rule-- | --Policies so people would make gains from the Nazi rule-- |
| Which groups benefited from Nazi rule and why? | -Wealthy industrialists benefited from the banning of the KPD and trade unions. -Middle class who had value in their savings again. -People who applied to 'Germanise' the area (farmers gaining more land from old Jewish farmers). |
| --Creating a Germany that would be great again-- | --Creating a Germany that would be great again-- |
| Why did these Germans support the Nazis? | They saw that the Nazis were reversing the losses of the Treaty of Versailles and asserting the power of Germany in Europe. |
| How did these nationalistic Germans treat the other successes of the Weimar Republic? | These Germans didn't like the idea that Stresemann had managed to improve reparations and gain other reversals of Versailles by working with 'the enemy'. |
| --Support during the war-- | --Support during the war-- |
| How did the German attitude towards war change when Germany actually entered the war? | The Germans changed from being lukewarm, to being very supportive as the German army started to sweep through Europe and the East. |
| How did the Nazis manage to hold support during the war? | -The Führer myth kept support going, even when Germany made the huge mistake by invading the USSR and began to struggle to keep advancing. -People could express support by collecting for Nazi charities, or joining the special murder squads set up to kill Jews and other minority groups. |
| Why did Nazi support eventually fail? | The huge levels of food rationing and the extensive Allied bombing of German cities caused the German people to start to lose a lot of faith in the Nazi government. |
| --The de-Nazification policies of the Western Allies, 1945-49-- | --The de-Nazification policies of the Western Allies, 1945-49-- |
| What was the main aim of de-Nazification? | To produce a changed culture and a changed political outlook. |
| --The Nuremberg Trials-- | --The Nuremberg Trials-- |
| What were these trials? | They were war crime trials against those Nazi leaders who had neither committed suicide nor escaped. |
| When did these trials start? | 18th October 1945 |
| What was the outcome of these trials? | Of the 22 defendants: -12 were sentenced to death. -3 were sentenced to life imprisonment. -3 were acquitted. |
| What was the public opinion of these trials? | Most people realised that this was a necessary procedure due to losing the war, but there was also the feeling that there should be an end to the pursuit of Nazis. |
| What happened to the Führer myth? | It changed so that Hitler became a person to blame for the war. |
| How did the majority of Germans want to do next in terms of the future of Germany? | Germans wanted to be allowed to move on and rebuild their lives again after the influence of Nazis, without too much examination of what had happened pre 1945. This idea was called 'year zero' and was widely accepted by the right-wing and adults of the Nazi period. |
| --De-Nazification policies-- | --De-Nazification policies-- |
| How many people were arrested by the end of 1946, due to de-Nazification policies? | 250,000 |
| What was the issue with de-Nazification policies? | It was really difficult to know who was a Nazi. Some people purely joined the party to save their jobs, but did not have Nazi sympathies. Also, more involved Nazis could get rid of their name from the record completely. |
| What was the issue with the process as a whole, and what was the effect of this on the public? | -It was extremely big and treated differently across the different zones. -This gave the impression of a corrupt and bungled process which made it hard for people to welcome the democratic process set up by the Allies. |
| How did the Western zones deal with the indoctrination of the youth? | -They set out to re-educate the youth. -May 1946 - Allies banned Nazi schoolbooks, films and slides that taught Nazi racial theory. |
| What further measures did the Allies undertake to further de-Nazify education? | -They vetted out teachers to weed out Nazis at universities and teacher training institutes. -Libraries and librarians went through a similar process. |
| What was the major issue with the thoroughness of Nazification? | They weren't enough people to carry out the key jobs needed for de-Nazification to work, so some zones (like Britain) accepted that Nazis would have to resume their roles in order for the country to regain its former strength. |
| --Reactions to de-Nazification-- | --Reactions to de-Nazification-- |
| Name 5 reactions to de-Nazification. | -Resigned acceptance. -Indignation. -Avoidance. -Cynicism. -Desire to move on. |
| --Resigned acceptance-- | --Resigned acceptance-- |
| What was this? | The idea that the Germans MUST accept that they had lost and the Allies had won. |
| --Indignation-- | --Indignation-- |
| What was this? | The belief that the Germans thought they were being untreated fairly, because the Allies had also committed war crimes during the war (atomic bombs). |
| --Avoidance-- | --Avoidance-- |
| What was this? | The actions by Germans that they wanted to avoid too much examination of who did what during the war, especially for those who had supported the Nazis. |
| --Cynicism-- | --Cynicism-- |
| What was the issue with the prosecution of Nazis? | A lot of people thought that the prosecution of ex-Nazis was patchy and inconsistent. |
| What were all the Allies guilty of doing? | Allowing ex-Nazis with useful skills to leave Germany and set up a new life in their own country (the country of the Ally). |
| --Desire to move on-- | --Desire to move on-- |
| What was the name of the theory that allowed this group of people to 'move on' and what did it do? | -'Year Zero' theory. -Allowed the government to rebuild the country's infrastructure more quickly. -Allowed the government to employ ex-Nazis into key positions of power. |
| Give an example of the 'year zero' theory at work. | By 1947, 85% of teachers in Bavaria that had lost their jobs due to de-Nazification were back at work. |
| What was the new reaction to de-Nazification in the 1960s? | Many of the young who had grown up in the new Germany were impatient with the 'year zero' policy and wanted to know what their families had done in Nazi Germany to clear the air. |
| Why were students angry at de-Nazification? | -They didn't like the way it had been sloppily applied. -Angry at numbers of ex-Nazis among older teaching staff, who encouraged the formation of right-wing student groups that had Nazi policies, such as anti-Semitism. |
| In what ways was de-Nazification too successful? | It became really hard for Germans to express any sense of national pride, as this had become so closely associated with Nazism. |
| --The nature of support for democracy in the FRG, 1949-89-- | --The nature of support for democracy in the FRG, 1949-89-- |
| Give one way in which a high level of support was shown in the FRG. | There was a high turnout in the elections of the FRG, with the only election seeing less than 84% in 1949 due to people still being attached to old Nazi beliefs. |
| What was the public opinion on members of the Bundestag in the FRG? | Between 1951 and 1964, the number of people who believed that the members of the Bundestag represented the public interest doubled. |
| What was the public opinion on the restoration of the monarchy in the FRG? | Between 1951 and 1964, the number of people who believed the monarchy should be restored dropped from one third to one tenth. |
| What was the public opinion of the FRG and democracy in the 1960s? | -Believed that the FRG represented the best time in German history. -Believed that democracy was the best kind of government. |
| --Other measures of support-- | --Other measures of support-- |
| How did people show that they supported democracy, in terms of threats to the Basic Law? | -People demonstrated against some of the changes the government wanted to make to the Basic Law, which was hinder civil liberties and rights (such as Emergency Law). -People were beginning to demand that the country live up to the ideals of democracy that were set up in the Basic Law. |
| How did people show that they supported democracy, in terms of events in other countries? | People marched in support of democracy and against repressive regimes in other countries. -Also marched against their government having diplomatic or trade relations with these regimes (South Africa under apatheid). |
| How did people show that they supported democracy, in terms of Ostpolitik? | People marched against the repressive communist regime in the GDR and USSR. |
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