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FlashCards por chloe.brandon, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por chloe.brandon
aproximadamente 8 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| What does the biological approach to aggression encompass? | neural and hormonal mechanism |
| What does this approach assume? | aggression is the result of an individual's biological makeup rather than being a product of environmental factors |
| What is the first factor in this explanation? | neurotransmitters |
| What are neurotransmitters? | chemicals that transmit impulses from one area of the brain to another |
| What are the two main neurotransmitters associated with aggression? | serotonin and dopamine |
| What combination of these neurotransmitters is most associated with aggressive behaviour? | low serotonin and high dopamine |
| How is serotonin thought to reduce aggression? | by inhibiting responses to emotional stimuli that may otherwise lead to an aggressive response |
| What have lower levels of serotonin also been associated with? | increased susceptibility to impulsive behaviour as well as aggression and in some cases violent suicide |
| Which drug is known to deplete serotonin? | dexfenfluramine |
| Who conducted an experiment to assess the effects of lowered serotonin levels? | Mann et al (1990) |
| What did they do? | They administered the drug to 35 healthy participants before using a questionnaire to assess their levels of hostility and aggression |
| What did their results show? | dexfenfluramine treatment in males (but not females) was associated with an increase in aggression and hostility scores |
| Who provided evidence for the link between high dopamine levels and aggression? | Lavine (1997) |
| What did they find? | increases in dopamine activity via the use of amphetamines were associated with aggressive behaviour |
| What did Buitelaar (2003) point out in addition to this? | antipsychotics which reduce dopamine activity in the brain have been shown to reduce aggression in violent delinquents |
| Who provided research support for this? | Scerbo and Raine (1993) |
| What did they do? | They conducted a meta-analysis by analysing neurotransmitter levels in antisocial adults and children from 29 different studies. |
| What did they consistently find? | lower levels of serotonin in individuals described as being aggressive, but not significant rise or fall in dopamine levels |
| What was present in all antisocial groups and particularly in those who had attempted suicide? | reduced serotonin levels |
| What do these findings suggest? | serotonin depletion leads to impulsive behaviour which in turn may lead to aggression in different forms. |
| Where did other supporting evidence for the link between serotonin and aggression come from? | non-human studies |
| Who conducted one of these studies? | Raleigh et al (1991) |
| What did they conduct their study on? | vervet monkeys |
| What did they find? | the monkeys that fed on experimental diets of tryptophan (which increases serotonin levels) showed decreased levels of aggression |
| What did the monkeys who fed on diets low in tryptophan display? | increased aggression |
| What does this suggest? | the difference in aggression could be attributed to their serotonin levels |
| What provides empirical support for the impact of low serotonin levels? | antidepressants |
| What did Bond (2005) set out to do? | show that low serotonin levels are associated with low impulse control and aggressive behaviour |
| What did she therefore suggest? | drugs that clinically raise serotonin levels should reduce aggression |
| What did she establish? | This is exactly what happens in clinical studies of antidepressant drugs that elevate serotonin levels |
| What do these drugs also tend to do? | reduce irritability and impulsive aggression |
| What can we conclude from this? | serotonin levels affect our behaviour and a possible treatment for aggressive individuals could be drugs which clinically raise serotonin levels |
| What is the contradictory evidence related to the role of dopamine in aggressive behaviour? | high levels of dopamine are consequential as opposed to causal |
| What did Couppis and Kennedy (2008) find? | that in mice there is a reward pathway in the brain that becomes engaged in response to an aggressive event and that dopamine is involved as a positive reinforcer in this pathway |
| What does this suggest? | individuals will intentionally seek out an aggressive encounter soleley because they experience a rewarding sensation from it |
| What is a limitation of the studies by Couppis and Kennedy and Raleigh? | h |
| Why is this an issue? | monkeys and mice are different species to humans and have a different biological makeup and mental capacity |
| What can we conclude from this? | the same results may not necessarily have been found had the experiments been conducted on humans, the results cannot be generalised |
| What is the second factor in this explanation of aggressive behaviour? | hormonal mechanisms |
| What is the hormone in question? | testosterone, a male sex hormone thought to influence aggression from young adulthood |
| What did Dabbs et al (1987) do? | measured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals |
| What did they find? | those with the highest testosterone levels had a history of primarily violent crimes whereas the lowest levels had committed only non-violent crimes |
| What did Lindman et al (1987) do? | conducted a study on a non-prison population to see if the same trends occurred |
| What did they find? | young males who behave aggressively when drunk have higher testosterone levels than those who did not act aggressively |
| What did Wingfield et al (1990) propose? | the challenge hypothesis |
| What is the challenge hypothesis? | in monogamous species, testosterone levels should only rise above baseline breeding level in response to social challenges such as male-male aggression or threats to status |
| What was supportive of these claims? | Two meta-analyses |
| What did they both establish? | A weak but positive relationship between testosterone and aggression |
| What did Archer (1991) do? | analysed the results of 230 males over 5 studies |
| What did they find? | a low positive correlation between testosterone and aggression |
| What differed substantially between studies? | the type of participant and the form and measurement of aggression |
| Who conducted the larger second meta-analysis (24 studies)? | Book et al (2001) |
| What did they establish? | a mean correlation of 0.14 between testosterone and aggression |
| However, what did Archer et al (2005) claim? | methodological problems with this study meant that a correlation of 0.08 was more appropriate |
| What can we conclude from this? | testosterone does appear to have an impact on aggression however due to relatively weak evidence we cannot assume that it is the main or significant cause, other factors most likely come into play |
| What is the gender bias in this research? | most of it focuses on male participants, even when testosterone (despite being a male sex hormone) has the same effect in females, if not more so (Archer et al, 2005) |
| What did a study by Baucom et al (1985) show? | women with higher testosterone levels had higher occupational status, possibly as a result of being more assertive |
| What do these studies indicate? | women may also respond to challenging situations with increased testosterone levels, displaying aggressiveness and dominance |
| What did Eisenegger et al (2011) find? | testosterone could make women act 'nicer' rather than more aggressively in a particular situation |
| What does this suggest? | that rather than directly increasing aggression, testosterone promotes status-seeking behaviour, of which aggression is one type. |
| What is the real world application related to? | an increase in gun-related crime in the UK |
| What did Klinesmith et al (2006) set out to test? | whether the presence of a stimulus such as a gun or knife triggers increased testosterone (gun/knife seen as a threat), which in turn increases aggressive behaviour |
| What did they do? | had male college students provide a saliva sample (to measure testosterone), before they interacted with either a gun or a child's toy for 15 minutes and then providing a second saliva sample |
| What did they find? | males who interacted with the gun showed significantly greater increases in testosterone and behaved more aggressively toward another participant compared to those who played with the child's toy |
| What can we conclude? | the presence of things such as guns and knives don't have to be used in order to increase aggression, it is merely their presence that individuals perceive as a threat to their lives which increases their testosterone and therefore aggression |
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