566903
| Questão | Responda |
| Pergamum bequeathed to the Romans in this year | 133 B.C.E |
| latifundia | large agricultural estates: profound Roman impact on rural landscape 2nd c BC - 1st c AD |
| Villa (pl. villae) | ‘countryhouse’ modern equivalent |
| villa rustica | villa in the open countryside |
| pars urbana | main house |
| pars rustica | farmhouse |
| villa maritima | seaside villa |
| Mos Maiorum | 1) Traditional moral values of an archaic agrarian society 2) Venerated traditions handed over through generations that Romans did not dare to violate |
| Fides | Value that establishes the relationship between two parties. ‘Trust’ based on reciprocity Family, Amicitia and Patronage |
| Pietas | Pius (piare =‘to purify’). Moral purity obtained by fulfilling one’s duties towards the gods and other men |
| Mos Maiorum System of Virtues | 1) Industria 2) Gravitas 3) Probitas 4) Pudor 5) Frugalitas |
| Imperium | the supreme power of command in war and the interpretation and execution of law |
| The Gracchi Brothers Father | Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (tribune of the plebs, praetor, consul and censor) |
| The Gracchi Brothers Mother | Cornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus |
| Tiberius Gracchus | proposed law which allowed landowners to retain 1000 iugera of land, plus an additional 500 iugera for each son up to a total of 2000 iugera |
| Octavius | Senators ‘hired’ Octavius, another tribune to veto land reforms. Tiberius deposed Octavius by plebiscite and his law passed |
| Senate response to land reforms | The Senate threatened prosecution after Tiberius's term as a tribune ended. Tiberius declared his intention to stand for a second term. Senators beat Tiberius and 300 of his followers to death with bench legs |
| Tiberius Gracchus Breach of Mos Maiorum | 1) Rejects collegiality (deposes a colleague) 2) Limit of tenure (wants to be reelected) 3) Bypasses the Senate in introducing the law 4) Makes treasury decisions reserved to the Senate |
| Senate Breach of Mos Maiorum | 1) Interferes in Council of the Plebs 2) Violence against a Tribune of the Plebs within the city 3) Murder of a Roman citizen holding office without trial |
| Gaius Gracchus | In 123 B.C.E. took the same office as his brother, as a tribune for the plebeians. |
| more radical than Tiberius, despised the senators and hence was considered more dangerous than his brother | Gaius Gracchus |
| Gaius opposed senatorial influence | He courted the support of the equestrians (publicani) to weaken the Senate |
| implemented popular reforms on grain prices for the urban populace and proposed citizenship for Ius Latii communities | Gaius Gracchus |
| consul L. Opimius | with senatorial support, a senatus consultum optimum, killed Gracchus and 3,000 of his supporters. |
| Aftermath of Gracchi: Populares | •Foster the rights of the popular assemblies •‘Popular measures’: Promote land distribution and debt cancellation •subsidized (or free) grain •Promote rights of the equites •Fight against senatorial corruption •Minority faction in the senate |
| Aftermath of Gracchi: Optimates | •Called themselves"boni" (= good men), optimates = best men •Senatorial auctoritas and prestige •Rights of private property •Maintain oligarchy and status quo |
| Purpose of Optimates | 1) control Senate 2) Wealth = power 3) Reputation = dignitas of upperclass |
| Marius | 1) 157-86 BCE. Came from Arpinum 2) Novus homo (new man; i.e. not belonging to an aristocratic family) 3) Early political career lackluster |
| Marius as a victorious general | 1) Jugurtha in Numidia (111-105 B.C.) 2) Gallic tribes (Cimbri and Teutones) invading Italy defeat three Roman armies s (113-101 B.C.) 3) Romans elect Marius consul consecutively from 104 to 100 B.C.E. He defeats the Gallic invaders and becomes a people’s hero |
| Marius made an alliance with two populares Saturninus and Glaucia | wanted to get distribution of land to his veterans |
| Gaius Memmius | Optimate candidate, beaten to death by agents of Saturninus and Glaucia during the election |
| Senate declared them public enemies. They took refuge in the Capitol and were killed after surrendering | Saturninus and Glaucia |
| Marius retires from public life | embarassed by his alliance with Saturninus and Glaucia |
| Marius ’ reforms in the Army | 1) Abolishes property qualifications 2) Accepts volunteer enlistment (capite censi, poorest citizens) 3) Creates standing legions with their own standards 4) Army becomes very professionalized |
| Unforeseen consequences of military reform | 1) Legions become loyal to their commander rather than the Roman State. 2) Landless soldiery depends on patronage of commander to get land. |
| Sulla | 1) Lived138– 78 B.C.E. 2) Came from an aristocratic family 3) Served under Marius in Jugurtha’s war (111-107 B.C.E. ) 4) general during Social Wars (90/89 BC). |
| Social Wars (90/89 BC) | In 91 B.C.E, a tribune who wanted to enfranchise Rome’s Italian allies was assassinated. War between Rome and Italian allies ensues. Marius and Sulla, generals in the war. |
| Ca. 88 B.C.E Mithridates, hellenistic king | 1) Wants to be hero of the subjugated Greeks 2) Attacks Romans citizens in Greece 3) Murders 80,000 R. citizens in Asia Minor |
| Sulla elected consul in 88 B.C.E | Senate gives him command of army against Mithridates. |
| Marius's reaction to Senate giving command of army to Sulla | hires a tribune of the plebs to assign command of the army to himself |
| Unprecedented event in Roman history | No general before Sulla had ever crossed the pomoerium (sacred boundary of the city) with an army. |
| marches against Rome with six legions of his veterans from the Social Wars. expels and hunts down Marius and his followers whom he calls a tyrant | Sulla |
| POMERIUM | SACRED BOUNDARY OF ROME |
| POMERIUM rules | 1) Limits disputed but did not coincide with Servian Wall 2) No armies within pomerium 3) No burials within pomerium 4) Only dictator's lictors carry fasces containing axes. 5) Other magistrates resign imperium after crossing it |
| At the end of 87 BC Marius returns to Rome in Sulla's absence | He regains control of the city with support from Lucius Cornelius Cinna |
| Marius and Cinna elected consuls for the year 86 B.C.E. | Marius dies soon after. Cinna left in sole control of Rome while Sulla is in Greece and Asia fighting Mithridates |
| Sulla’s victories against Mithridates | (1) Siege of Athens. (2) Battle of Chaeronea. (3) Battle of Orchomenus. Romans conquer back Greece . |
| Flaccus | Cinna sends him as a general to relieve Sulla from command but is assassinated by his lieutenant |
| Negotiations with Mithridates | Sulla imposes heavy indemnity on Greek subjects |
| Cinna assassinated | Sulla comes back to Italy and marches against Rome a second time |
| Sulla’s second march against Rome | 1) Becomes dictator (81-79 B.C.E). Retired from public life in 79 B.C.E 2) Proscriptions: Murders and auctions property of Marians and their allies. About 9,000 Romans were killed 3) Introduces reforms to strengthen Senate. Increases number to 600 members 4) Weakens assemblies |
| How did Sulla weaken the assemblies? | 1) Tribunes cannot initiate legislation 2) Tribunes cannot hold subsequent office |
| Proscriptions | Making lists of enemies to kill them |
| Consequences of First Civil War | 1) Roman army no longer under State’s power. Legions loyal to commander not the State. 2) Violence to eliminate political opponents seen as normal 3) Proscriptions: Making lists of enemies to kill them 4) Senate is weakened. Successful generals acquire enormous power 5) Pomerium not sacred 6) Corruption in upper-classes widespread. Urban populace used for the political advancement of individual Romans |
| 78 B.C.E., Lepidus (consul in 79 B.C.E.) | a former Sullan turned popularis returns from his province in Transalpine Gaul. Camps in front of the city. He is defeated on the Campus Martius |
| Sertorius | a former Marian, ‘secedes’ from Rome and builds a stable government in Spain (78-73 B.C.E). He is finally murdered by allies |
| Spartacus | 73-71 B.C.E. Slave revolt led by an ex-gladiator . After initial victories he is defeated by former Sullans Crassus and Pompey |
| 70 B.C.E Pompey and Crassus | former ‘Sullans’ camp outside Rome and independently ‘ask’ for consulships. Pompey had never held previous magistracies before |
| 63 B.C.E. Catilinarian Conspiracy | A desperado of patrician origin who had lost three times the consulship election conspires with other men to take over the Roman Government. Cicero discovers his intentions and exposes him in the Senate. |
| 60 B.C.E. Pompey, Crassus and Caesar | form the first ‘Triumvarate’, an informal alliance to control the Republic |
| Crassus | 1) Former ‘Sullan’ 2) Made his money during the proscriptions 3) Rented slaves 4) Defeated Spartacus in slave revolt (73-71) 5) Wants to emulate military success of the other triumvirs. Invades Partian Empire but is defeated at Carrhae |
| Pompey | 1) Loyalty wavers between populares and optimates 2) Very successful general 3) builds power base in the East 4) Has private army |
| Pompey builds power base in the East | 1) Defeats pirates 2) Conquers new provinces: Pontus and Syria 3) Has client states: Armenia and Judea |
| Caesar | 1) Initially backedby Crassus 2) popularis 3) aedile (65) 4) consul (59) 5) Pro-consul in Gaul (58-49) 6) Conquers the rest of Gaul for the Romans 7) Has private army |
| Optimates | supporters of the Senate |
| Cato the Younger | Very strict and frugal, admired by his fellow Optimates |
| Cicero | consul (63 B.C.E.) Uncovers Catilinarian Conspiracy |
| “First Triumvirate” private agreement (60) | 1) Pompey: land for veterans 2) Crassus: tax contracts 3) Caesar: consulship |
| “First Triumvirate” renewed at Luca (56) | 1) Pompey & Crassus consuls 2) Caesar's governorship extended 3) Pompey gets Spain 4) Crassus gets Syria |
| End of “Triumvirate” | 1) 54 B.C.E. death of Julia, daughter of Caesar, wife of Pompey 2)53 B.C.E. Crassus is killed at Carrhae 3) 52 B.C.E. Rioting and gang warfare in Rome. Senate asks Pompey to restore order. He is elected sole consul 4) 50 B.C.E. Pompey moves closer to Optimates |
| Conflict of forceful personalities | 1) Pompey: senatorial authority 2) Caesar: fight for his dignitas and the dignitas of the Roman people 3) Cicero: they both want dominatio |
| 50 BC Caesar’s 2nd consulship? | 1) Caesar fears trial: Refuses to disband army - Offers compromise 2) Senate refuses 3) Declares Caesar public enemy 4) Tribunes veto declaration 5) Senate drives tribunes out of Rome 6) Tribunes flee to Caesar |
| 49 B.C.E.: Caesar versus Pompey | 1) Crosses Rubicon, invades Italy 2) Pharsalus (48) Pompey defeated 3)Egypt Pompey killed 4) Alexandrine War: Caesar stays with Cleopatra 5) General Amnesty under Caesar’s dictatorship 6) Caesar, sole master of Rome |
| Pharsalus (48) | Pompey defeated |
| Egypt Caesar versus Pompey | Pompey killed |
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