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| Questão | Responda |
| Humoral vs cell mediated | Humoral: soluble; Cell mediated: does not involve antibodies |
| Chemokines vs cytokines | Chemokines: cause movement toward the source of chemokines Cytokines: a signal messenger - cause different effects (apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation) |
| Primary lymphoid tissue | Bone marrow and thymus; Bone marrow: Hematopoietic cells differentiation & (for some) maturation; Thymus: t-cell maturation before dispersal |
| Secondary lymphoid organs | Lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), spleen; B and T cells encounter antigens; Antigens brought from lymphatics; Lymph nodes: bean shaped; b & t cells - activated in follicle and paracortex respectively, macrophages, dendritic cells; MALT: large and dispersed; protect mucosal surfsces (nasal, lungs, gut); Spleen: blood-borne pathogen |
| Innate immunity vs adaptive immunity | |
| Innate immunity | Physical (e.g. Skin) & chemical; Macrophages - phagocytosis and Natural Killer cells - killing (apoptosis); Recognise PAMP (pathogens-associated molecular pattern); PRR (pattern recognition receptors) trigger response; Inflammatory response - immune cells, molecules & fluid to site of infection; Complement proteins - cause lysis by binding to microbe surface |
| Adaptive response | Recognition by cell receptors, B & T cells receptors; B & T cells receptors randomly generated by DNA rearrangement; Clonal selection - proliferation of a particular B or T cell due to binding of an antigen -> produce a population with identical antigen specificity; Huge diversity of receptors but only a few participate in immune response; Naive T cells -> effector and memory T cells Memory B & T cells persist even after infection is removed -> more effective and efficient response |
| Haematopoiesis diagram - start from two progenitors | Enter text here... |
| Different types of T cells | *Cytotoxic T cells - CD8; kill tumour cells and virus infected cells; *T helper - CD4; differentiate into different TH subsets; TH1 - promote inflammation & immunity against intracellular microbes; TH2 - provide cytokines & B cells costimulation to cause antibody production; TH9 - pro-inflammatory; TH17 - promote inflammation & immunity against extracellular microbes; T regulatory cells - suppress immune response after pathogen cleared; T follicular helper and repressor cells - specialised help to B cells in germinal centres of lymph nodes *Gamma-delta T cells - (restricted receptor arrangements - gamma delta receptor chains); different genes from alpha beta chains; mainly in gut mucosa Natural Killer T cells - has characteristics of both, Antigen receptors recognise lipid, Potent antigen presenting cells, Dendritic morphology - maximised surface area, Found in blood, lymph, secondary lymphoid tissues, called Langerhaan cells in immature form of skin cells |
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