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| Questão | Responda |
| What are bulk chemicals? | Chemicals made on a huge scale, thousands of tonnes a year. |
| What are fine chemicals? | Chemicals made on a comparatively small scale. |
| What 6 things is the chemical industry doing to become more sustainable? | Going renewable, improving atom economy, anti-hazardous chemicals, efficient energy usage, waste reduction, preventing pollution. |
| What are the 5 raw materials for the chemical industry? | Crude oil, air, water, vegetable materials, rocks and minerals. |
| What is a feedstock? | Chemical(s) fed into a process in the chemical industry. |
| What is synthesis and where does it take place? | The combination of components or elements to form a connected whole takes place in the reactor. |
| What products leave the reactor, generally? | The desired product, by-products and unchanged products. |
| What five main types of product are made in the chemical industry? | Basic inorganics, petrochemicals and polymers, dyes and paints, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals. |
| Why did people begin to worry about the industry in the late 20th century? | Worry over health and environmental impacts of new chemicals. |
| What percentage of crude oil is used for making chemicals and where does the rest go to? | 3% is used for chemicals, and the rest is burnt as fuel or used to make lubricants. |
| What new type of polyester is made using organic materials? | Sorona is made from fermenting renewable plant materials. |
| What is percentage yield? | A measure of a process's efficiency - the actual yield over the theoretical yield. |
| What is the first step to reacting masses? | Write down the balance symbol equation. |
| What is the second step to reacting masses? | Work out the relative formula mass of each reactant and relevant product. |
| What is the third step to reacting masses? | Write down the relative reacting masses under the balanced equation, taking into account any numbers used to balance the equation - eg 2CaO would be 2x56. |
| What is the fourth step to reacting masses? | Convert to reacting masses by adding the units - eg kg or g. |
| What is the fifth and final step to reacting masses? | Scale the quantities to those actually used in the synthesis/experiment. |
| What two words mean 'a measure of the efficiency of a chemical process given in a percentage' and how is this worked out? | 'atom economy' is worked out by dividing the mass of atoms in the product by those in the reactants, and doing x100. |
| What is used to work out atom economy numerically? | relative atomic mass |
| What are reactive intermediates? | Chemicals made to be used in making more chemicals. |
| Weed-killer producers used to use a highly toxic chemical in their process - what chemical? | Hydrogen cyanide |
| Making polycarbonate plastics used to use an exceedingly dangerous gas that has been used before as poisonous gas. What gas was this? | The gas phosgene. |
| What five main uses are there for energy in a chemical plant? | Raising the temperature of reactants, heating mixture to separate/purify them, to dry product material, to process waste material, to transport materials around the plant. |
| What kind of process gives out energy and which kind takes it in? | exothermic gives out, endothermic takes in |
| What benefit is there of using a catalyst? | It speeds up the formation of desired products but not by-products, which means less waste. It also takes less energy per product, because it takes less time so needs less heating etc. |
| What is being developed in the place of normal catalysts and why? | Some biocatalysts are being made, as they work at lower temperatures and set pHs. |
| What is it called when a product becomes the material for making the same product again? | closed-loop recycling |
| What differences are there between sustainable development and green chemistry? | Sustainable development is a plan to meeting today's needs without reducing resources for tomorrow. Green chemistry is a way of thinking about the long and short term effects of things on the environment and on our health. |
| What good example is there of a drug whose environment impact was reduced, and what two things were improved in the new method of manufacture? | The new method for making Ibuprofen has a reusable catalyst and a higher atom economy, so less waste. |
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