3. Adrenal Medulla- Catecholamines

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Lecture 3- Endo/sex
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Anatomic Location of the Adrenal Gland Right above the kidneys, near the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
Layers of the Adrenal Medulla and what they produce Glomerulosa -- Aldosterone Fasciculata -- Cortisol Reticularis- Androgens Medulla -- Catecholamines
Which layer of the adrenal gland is not essential for life? The medulla is not essential for life. It's considered a sympathetic ganglion. Secretes when stimulated by the splanchic nerves
Name some of the catecholamines produced by the medulla NE, Epinephrine, Dopamine
What does the adrenal cortex secrete? Which are necessary for life? -Mineralcorticoids* -Glucocorticoids * -Sex Hormones -1st two are necessary *
Name things that stimulate the medullary layers -Ang II and K+ stimulate Glomerulosa (aldosterone production) -ACTH stimulates the fasciculata (cortisol) and the reticularis (androgens) -Preganglionic sympathetic nerves and Cortisol stimulate medulla (catecholamines)
Catecholamine releasing cells vs Steroid releasing cells Catecholamine: Have more dense core vesicles Steroid: More mito, agranular ER, and lipid droplets
NE secreting cells vs Epi Secreting Cells Epi secreting cells are larger with less dense granules (90%) NE secreting cells are smaller with more dense granules (10%)
What is the precursor molecule for most Catecholamines Tyrosine
What enyzme catalyzes Tyrosine --> L-Dopa Tyrosine Hydroxylase
What enzyme catalyzes L-Dopa --> Dopamine? Amino Acid Decarboxylase
What enzyme catalyzes Dopamine to NE? Dopamine Beta-Hydrolase
What enzyme catalyzes NE to Epi? PNMT
What induces PMNT? What inhibits it? Glucocorticoids -- cortisol (stress) induces it Adrenaline (epi) inhibits it
What activates Tyrosine Hydroxylase? PKA, PKC, CaM+ Kinase, preganglionic sypathetics
What epi cells release in addition to adrenaline? Epinephrine + opioid peptides (pre-pro- enkephaline) --> painkillers
Preganglionic Fibers release AcH on what type of receptors in the peripheral nerves? Nicotinic (N2)
What are the target organs in sympathetic stimulation Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, glands
Basal state vs Fight/Flight secretions Basal State releases NE Fight or Flight state releases Epi
Constitutive vs Regulated secretion Constitutive: Always being released from trans Golgi (unregulated membrane fusion) Regulated: waits for signal from a hormone for secretory vesicle to fuse with plasma membrane and release contents
Two modalities of Catecholamine release Kiss and Run (limited release of material during the basal state) Full fusion (full release of material in activated state) -- has fission machinery to cut the membrane
Describe the innervation of the adrenal medulla Splanchnic Nerve (preganglionic sympathetic neuron) synapses on adrenal medulla near Chromafin cell (post ganglionic sympathetic neuron), which release Epi into bloodstream
What happens during persistent nicotinic firing? Desensitization of the nicotinic receptors
What peptide hormone can stimulate the catecholamine release from adrenal medulla even during desensitization PACAP preferentially released from splanchnic nerve under heightened firing
What type of receptor does PACAP work on? G-alpha-s increase cAMP and PKC via Epac molecule
Ratio of NE:E in rest v stress rest --> NE:E is 3:1 stress --> NE:E is 1:9
What is the major product of Catecholamine Catabolism? VMA
Short and long term effects of PKA Short term: PKA releases catalytic elements affecting transcription downstream Long term: altered gene up-regulation
What cell releases renin? Juxtaglomerular cells
Where does Angiotensin 2 act? In the adrenal cortex which produces aldosterone
What is the major product of Glycogen breakdown with catecholamines ? Glucose 1-P

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