Theoretical criminology - control theories

Questão	Responda
1951, Albert J. Reiss	predict probation revocation among juvenile offenders
Reiss reviewed, 1,110 white male juvenile probationers between age of 11 and 17	psychiatrically diagnosed as having weak ego or superego controls
personal controls, ability to refrain from meeting needs in ways that conflicted with the norms and rules of the community	he found probation revocation, did not regularly attend school, described as behaviour problems by school authorities
Reiss argued that the failure of personal controls explained both phenomena	accepting at face value the theoretical framework of the psychiatrists
Nye - found youths in the 'most delinquent' group were more likely to...	be given either complete freedom or no freedom at all, to have large sums of money available, to be rejecting of their parents and to disprove of their parents appearance
control theories present strong challenge to the more common view that juvenile delinquency is caused by	special biological, psychological, or social factors
In delinquency and Drift - Matza	emphasize constraint and differentiation
delinquents are said to be different from non-delinquents in some fundamental way	and that difference constrains them to commit their delinquencies
Matza proposed an alternate image for delinquents that emphasizes	freedom and similarity rather than constraint and differentiation
the DRIFT said to occur	social structure in which control has been loosened, freeing the delinquent to respond in whatever conventional or criminal forces happen to come along
positive causes of delinquency	may be accidental or unpredictable from the point of view of any theoretical frame of reference and deflection from the delinquent path may be similarly accidental or unpredictable
Matza did not deny there were committed and compulsive deviants	but argued, vast majority of delinquents were 'drifters' who were neither
they describe their behaviour morally wrong but argue there are...	extenuating circumstances, so that their own delinquent actions are 'guiltless'
delinquents do not reject conventional moral values, but neutralize them in a wide variety of circumstances	so that they are able to commit delinquent actions and still consider themselves guiltless
sense of responsibility	reinforced by the ideology of the juvenile court, declares that juveniles are not responsible for their actions
Matza suggests, some positive causes of delinquency in the sense that there are reasons why	the juvenile chooses delinquent, as opposed to lawful behaviours
Hirshci - 1969 - Causes of delinquency	we are all animals and thus all naturally capable of committing criminal acts
attachment - i.e., affection for and sensitivity to others	internalization of values and norms
commitment	rational investment one has in conventional society, risk one takes when engaging in deviant behaviour
involvement	in conventional activities, being busy restricts opportunities for delinquent activities
belief	conventional moral beliefs, but neutralized them with excuses so they could commit delinquent acts without feeling guilty
most of these studies - find support for two out of the four variables	attachment and commitment
control theories have more or less dominated criminology	since Hirschi published his social control theory in 1969

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	Criado por vicky_hunt mais de 10 anos atrás