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| Questão | Responda |
| what do you call genes that are linked to disease | candidate genes |
| who came up with the genetic basis for schz | Gottesman genetic basis |
| the closer you are related.... | the more at risk you are of getting schz |
| identical twins share what % of genes and what % risk os schz | 100 48 |
| non identical twins share what % of genes and what % risk os schz | 50 17 |
| siblings share what % of genes and what % risk os schz | 50 9 |
| grand children share what % of genes and what % risk os schz | 25 5 |
| general population share what % of genes and what % risk os schz | N/A 1 |
| candidate genes are | polygenic they affect neurotransmitters |
| who did the study for candidate genes | Riphe |
| how many patients and controls did Riphe have for the candidate genes study | patients - 37,000 controls - 113,000 |
| how many separate genes did Riphe find are liked to schz | 108 |
| what is the dopamine hypothesis | made up of neurotransmitters hyperdopaminergia in sub cortex in the cortex |
| what are neurotransmitters | chemical messengers |
| how is dopamine linked to schz | it is a neurotransmitter that has an excitatory effect - high levels associated with schz |
| what is the hyperdopaminergia in the sub cortex | looks at roles of high levels of dopamine e.g. too much in Broca's area is linked with speech poverty |
| in the cortex | low levels of dopamine linked to negative symptoms |
| what are neural correlates | measures of structure and function of the brain |
| who looked at neural correlates in negative symptoms | Juckel |
| abnormality where causes avolition (negative symptom) | ventral striatum low activity |
| who looked at neural correlates in positive symptoms | Allen |
| abnormality where causes positive symptoms | superior temporal low activity |
| evaluation biological explanations - evidence for genetic susceptibility for and against | Gottesman risk of schz increases when closely related Tienari adoption still has high rates of schz if parents have it |
| evaluation biological explanations - mixed evidence dopamine hypothesis | dopamine agonists (e.g. amphetamines) increase dopamine so more likely to get schz dopamine antipsychotics decrease dopamine so reduces schz Riphe - other neurotransmitters also effect (glutamate) |
| evaluation biological explanations - what about cause and effect | cause and effect does affect all of the studies (which one first) |
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