3. Colonial society in the 18th century (1607-1754)

Questão	Responda
English cultural domination	Most immigrants were English, and therefore the English culture dominated. However, there were immigrants from other countries too, as well as a large slave population. This affected the American culture too.
Benjamin West & John Copley	Two American painters who traveled to England to get training and financial support to establish themselves as prominent artists.
Benjamin Franklin	An important figure in the time period and a founding father; he was a statesman, author, publisher, scientist, inventor and diplomat.
Poor Richard's Almanack	An almanac that Benjamin Franklin wrote under a pseudonym. It was very popular and well written.
Phillis Wheatley	An African American female poet.
John Bartram of Philadelphia	A self taught scientist
Ministers	Always respected in America. Ministers were often the only people in the settlement who had any education.
Physicians	Doctors weren't of much good, and didn't get good education besides being some famous physician's apprentices. Franklin opened a medicine division in his college of Philadelphia (later to become UPenn)
Lawyers	Lawyers were viewed as trouble makers who talk a lot, but in the 18th century, when the country developed and more complex issues arose, they became popular.
Jonathan Edwards	A congregational minister in New England who was a part of the Great Awakening.
George Whitefield	A minister who came from England and held popular sermons. Preached that a sincere soul could understand gospels without a minister leading them.
Religious toleration	When compared to Europeans, the Americans were more tolerating towards various denominations and religions.
Established church	A church which is connected to the state, and is funded by direct taxing.
The Great Awakening	A religious movement that reached its height in the 1730's and 1740's, wherein the already religious Americans became super religious. This made religion more emotional. An emphasis on the eternal suffering in hell of sinners.
Cotton Mather	A Massachusetts minister whose writing were a popular read.
Sectarian vs. Non sectarian colleges	Most higher education was sectarian i.e. sponsored and affiliated with a certain denomination. One exception of that was Franklin's College of Philadelphia.
Subsistence farming	Farming only for the purpose of feeding you family, little is left for trade.
John Hector ST John de Crevecoeur	Wrote about his life in the American colonies, presenting a new, more developed society than that of the 17th century.
Colonial Families	Patriarchal, many children. The women were working besides their husband, taking care of house duties, raising and educating the children.
Germans	Settled in the rich farmlands west of Philadelphia, retained their culture. By 1775 were 6% of the population.
Scotch-Irish	People who moved from Scotland to Ireland, then pressured by Britain to move to the colonies - didn't like Britain. By 1775 they were 7% of the population.
Huguenots	French protestant immigrants.
Dutch, Swedes, French	Minorities which made up about 5% of the population (1775).
Africans	20% of the population by 1775. 90% were in the southern colonies. Hereditary slaves, discriminating laws in all colonies.
Social Mobility	With the exception of the Africans, all classes had the opportunity to improve.
Hereditary aristocrisy	Didn't exist in the extreme way it did in Europe. Class range was narrower.
The Zenger Case	John Peter Zenger wrote something about the governor of NY. It was illegal at the time, even if what he said was true, but the jury claimed he wasn't guilty. A big step in freedom of speech.
Andrew Hamilton	Zenger's lawyer.
Colonial governors	Were chosen either by the king or the proprietor (in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware) or by the people (in Rhode Island and Connecticut)
Colonial Legislature	Consisted of two house, the lower elected by the people, and the higher elected by the ones who elected the governor.
County Government	In the south, settling was sparse and in solitary plantations/farms. Therefore, countries with sheriffs were formed.
Town meetings	In the north, where most people lived in adjacency, town meetings were held to deal with different matters.

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3. Colonial society in the 18th century (1607-1754)

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	Criado por Moshe Polak quase 8 anos atrás