770152
| Questão | Responda |
| interpret and use the terms: (i) empirical formula | as the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound |
| interpret and use the terms: (ii) molecular formula | as the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule, |
| interpret and use the terms: (iii) general formula | as the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series, ie for an alkane: CnH2n + 2 |
| interpret and use the terms: (iv) structural formula | as the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3 |
| intepret and use the terms: (v) displayed formula | as the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them, ie for ethanol |
| interpret and use the terms: (vi) skeletal formula | as the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups, ie for butan-2-ol |
| interpret, and use, the terms: (i) homologous series | as a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2 |
| interpret, and use, the terms: (ii) functional group | as a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound |
| use the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series | differ by CH2 |
| state the names of the first ten members of the alkanes homologous series | methane,ethane,propane,butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane |
| use IUPAC rules of nomenclature for systematically naming organic compounds | systematic naming, ie 2-methylbutan-1-ol |
| describe and explain the terms: (i) structural isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae |
| describe and explain the terms: (ii) stereoisomers | as compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space |
| describe and explain the terms: (iii) E/Z isomerism | as an example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group |
| describe and explain in terms: (iv) cis-trans isomerism | as a special case of EIZ isomerism in which two of the substituent groups are the same |
| determine the possible structural formulae and/or stereoisomers of an organic molecule, given its molecular formula | .... |
| describe the different types of covalent bond fission | (i) homolytic fission forming two radicals, Cl--Cl---->cl. + cl. breaks evenly (ii) heterolytic fission forming a cation and an anion Cl--Cl ---> Cl+ + Cl- |
| describe a ‘curly arrow’ | as the movement of an electron pair, showing either breaking or formation of a covalent bond |
| outline reaction mechanisms, using diagrams, to show clearly the movement of an electron pair with ‘curly arrows’ | use curly arrows during electrophilic addition and nucleophilic substitution. |
| carry out calculations to determine the percentage yield of a reaction | % yield =(actual yield/predicted yield)X100 |
| explain the atom economy of a reaction as: | molecular mass of the desired products /sum of molecular masses of all products X100%; |
| explain that addition reactions have an atom economy of 100%, whereas substitution reactions are less efficient | addition makes 1 product while substitution has 1 desired product and 1 waste product |
| describe the benefits of developing chemical processes with a high atom economy in terms of fewer waste materials; | fewer waste materials, so more product from reactants, more economically viable |
| explain that a reaction may have a high percentage yield but a low atom economy | reactions can produce a high amount of products but they may predominantly be the undesired products so atom economy will be low. must find a compromise between both. |
| Candidates should be able to: explain that a hydrocarbon is: | a compound of hydrogen and carbon only |
| Candidates should be able to: explain the use of crude oil as | a source of hydrocarbons, separated as fractions with different boiling points by fractional distillation, which can be used as fuels or for processing into petrochemicals. |
| Candidates should be able to: state that alkanes and cycloalkanes are... | saturated hydrocarbons |
| Candidates should be able to: state and explain the tetrahedral shape around each carbon atom in alkanes | |
| explain, in terms of van der Waals’ forces, the variations in the boiling points of alkanes with different carbon-chain length and branching | more branches, less van der waals' and lower BP longer chain, more van der Waals', higher BP |
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