industry and agriculture

Questão	Responda
the agrarian reform	1950. seizing land from landlords and redistributing to peasants -many landlords sentenced to death -land given 'to the tiller' impact of land reform: 1950-52 agricultural production up by 15% per year. 2 mil landlords executed
MATs	1951 Mutual Aid Teams. start of collectivisation with groups of 10+ families sharing equipment and labour
APC's	1952 MATs joined to form Agricultural producers cooperatives. 40-50 families. land pooled, families with larger holdings could keep some land for personal use -but only 14% of rural households were APCs in 1955 -but officials wanted to please Mao and rushed into creating APCs, leading to debt as they had to borrow £equipment
APCs continued	-but when better-off peasants joined the APCs they slaughtered their animals and ate them rather than handing them over -Mao called another halt to APCs called 'Stop, Contract and Develop' -July 1955 decided to have full collectivisation, number of APCs grew by 58 mil households 1955-6
APCs continued	-by the end of the year only 3% of peasants farming as individuals -HPCs (higher) 2-300 houses, profits shared according to work points, so those who contributed most might get same as those who gave a little
1st FYP	1953-57. targets to grow heavy industry, advance technology, high grain procurement, self sufficiency, technology and transformation towards a socialist society
1st FYP successes	industrial output grew, heavy industrial output nearly tripled, industrial working class grew by 4 million, standard of living of industrial workers improved, more influence over the population, and by 1956 private sector industry had been abolished
the 1st FYP's failures	dependent on loans from Russia, not enough food for the working class, shortage of consumer goods, lack of organisation, little investment in education and healthcare
conclusion of 1st FYP	great success for the regime. industry transformed, greater control and ideological success. however, peasants especially suffered with little improvement to standard of living
speak bitterness meetings	peasants given the opportunity to express anger, landlords effectively placed on public trial
Communes	first one introduced in 1958, communal living, surrendered private property, no choice so demotivated workers, Mao wanted to overtake Britain in industry in 15 years, agricultural and industrial
Lysenkosim	new tools, new breeds, seeds, field management, irrigation, close planting, deep ploughing, increased fertilisation, pest control
The Four Pests Campaign	get rid of sparrows, rats, flies and mosquitoes. chased sparrows with pots and pans, led to neglect of crops
The Great Famine 1958-62	30-50 millions deaths, people ate plants, sold their wife/children, Tibet targeted. due to fear, local cadres refused to reveal true state, massive grain surpluses, grain export rose, 1957-61 total grain output fell by nearly 40 million tonnes
causes of the Great Famine	over ambitious GLF, Lysenkoism, climate of fear, demotivation of the peasant workforce, Mao's belief that the end justified the means, weather, Lushan Conference 1959
Backyard Furnaces	to increase steel production, encouraged to melt down pots and pans, unrealistic goals, poor quality, abandoned normal activities, neglected crops, much of the steel was taken and buried
State Owned Enterprises	nationalised privately owned enterprises, state dictated wages and targets, workers guaranteed houses, education, medical care, jobs + wages, ideological success, removed incentives
The Lushan Conference 1959	Peng Dehuai said that he doubted the reports of a record grain harvest, he had witnessed the state of peasantry. he was stripped of his position
2nd FYP/GLF. reasons for launching	1958-62. Mao wanted to transform China into a economic power, success of 1st FYP, Walking On Two Legs, believed that the people's force of will would overcome technological obstacles, appeared they were winning the Cold War
successes of GLF	ideological success through the communes and end to private ownership, mass irrigation made land more fertile, construction projects e.g. Tiananmen Square was remodelled
Failures of the GLF	absurd targets were caused by competition from officials who tried to impress Mao with huge targets, Mao believed mass mobilisation would overcome practical obstacles e.g. raising steel targets from 6-9 million tonnes he said "why dilly-dally? Let's make it 11 million tonnes!"
Failures of the GLF continued	the Anti-Rightist Campaign meant that there were no intellectuals left to provide advice. BYFs all possible sources of metal were melted, wood from furniture used to keep furnace hot, people abandoned jobs and crops for an unsuccessful cause
Failures of the GLF continued	factories closed or reduced production due to lack of raw materials. famine meant that more workers died, industrial production had declined by 40% between 1958-62. Grain output fell by nearly 40 million tonnes from 1957-61
life during the GLF	the great famine (in Tibet was the greatest proportion of deaths (1mil) as the regime deliberately handed out smaller rations. birth rates dropped, cannibalism, sold wives, prostitution
Mao withdraws from politics	Liu Shaoqui became the new head of state and Deng Xiaoping the General Secretary of the Party. Mao kept his position as Party Chairman. more pragmatic approach. Liu said that the problems of the GLF were 30% natural disaster and 70% man made, this went against Mao's claims
Economic Reform 1962-65	communes scaled back with households being able to choose what they grew, could trade on the free market, profitability emphasised, peasants could claim unused land, production supported agriculture, those with technical knowledge were promoted
economic reform continued 1962-65	role of low level rural cadres was downgraded, intellectuals who had been purged were returned, managers given more control over SOEs, prisoners in labour camps made cooking utensils to replace those lost in BYFs, Urban Party cadres replaced Maoist rural ones, emergency aid to rural areas
successes of economic reforms 1962-65	by 1965 agricultural production recovered to same level as 1957, private plots increased incentives, light industry growing at 27% per year and heavy industry by 17% per year, consumer goods double 1957, 1962 availability of tool, boats and carts same as before communes
1st FYP: the soviet unions involvement	-construction/reconstruction of industrial enterprises -11,000 Soviet and Eastern European experts sent to China -loan of $300million US dollar over 5 years
1st FYP successes	-industrial grew at 15.5% per year -heavy industry nearly tripled -railway freight volume over doubled -industrial working class up by 4million -1956 private sector abolished industry -workers standard of living improved-job security -CCP more influence. Danwei work units controlled access to welfare and marriage + travel permits
1st FYP failures	-Soviet union loan, high interest. farmers forced to sell crops to state @ low price -agriculture only grew at 2.1% per year -low consumer goods -lack of organisation and experience -little investment in healthcare and education; peasant shortage of healthcare
reasons for launching the GLF Mao's ideology	-overtake Britain in 15 years -walking on two legs -General Grain and General Steel in charge of the economy
reasons for launching the GLF overconfidence	-success of the first FYP (industry up by 15.5%, heavy industry x3, work force up by 4 million...) -winning the cold war
reasons for launching the GLF personal	-speed of collectivisation a success -success in water conservancy schemes -provincial tour 1958 well recieved -local cadres wanted to prove themselves after antirightist campaigns, convincing Mao that ambitious schemes were possible
reasons for launching the GLF increase industry	success of APCs -agricultural improving and wanted to improve industry -but Zhou and Chen Yun wanted to reward successful APCs with consumer goods, but radicals wanted to punish bad ones, divides show it can't be the main reason
reasons for launching the GLF political	-Mao returned from Moscow, wanted to show he could act independtly of USSR -move to communism along the 'chinese road' -be next leader of communist world -mobilise peasants and increase economy

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	Criado por becky sharrock mais de 7 anos atrás