Agriculture and Industry

Questão	Responda
When did State Capitalism begin?	October 1917
What did State Capitalism begin as?	a transitional phase
When was the Land Decree passed and what did it say?	October 1917, no private ownership of land, peasants control farmland
When was the Decree on Workers' Control passed and what did it say?	November 1917, workers could set wages and work hours
When was the Vesenkha made and what was it?	December 1917, government department that managed economy
When did the army create a single state bank?	14 December 1917
What were the results of State Capitalism?	production slumped because of laziness, conflict between private businesses and the government
When did War Communism begin?	June 1918
What did the Decree on Nationalisation allow?	the government to own businesses with more than 10 workers
How many businesses were nationalised by 1920 thanks to the Decree on Nationalisation?	37000
What did the Vesenkha control during WC?	industry
What did the unemployed do during WC?	build roads and clear woodland
What else did the government do during WC?	owned grain surplus and introduced rationing
Why did the use of money decrease during WC?	workers were often paid with goods
What were the successes of WC?	full-employment, money was abolished, no free market, control of industry, Red Army won
Why was there full employment during WC?	men aged 16-50 had to work
Who welcomed the crisis and why?	Bukharin because he believed a sense of suffering was good before embracing communism
What were the failures of WC?	political unrest in the countryside, food shortages, decrease in working conditions, black market, opposition to grain requisitioning, unrest with the army, low industrial production
When did the Tambov uprising happen?	August 1920 to June 1921
How many people died because of the food shortages?	6 million
Why was the black market a problem?	very popular (60% of food consumed bought here)
When was the Kronstadt mutiny?	March 1921
By how much did the industrial production decrease during WC?	1920 was 70% less than 1913
When did the New Economic Policy begin?	March 1921
What did the NEP change?	ended seizure of crops, allowed peasants to sell surplus, introduced a new currency, allowed small businesses to be established
What did the NEP keep?	control of banks, heavy industry, transportation and foreign trade
What were the causes of the NEP?	problems with infrastructure, Kronstadt Rebellion, no control of the countryside, population crisis, economic chaos, little support
What good things did the NEP achieve?	increased food production because of incentive, increase in industrial production, problems with infrastructure were solved, vibrant culture
By how much did agricultural production increase between 1921-4?	14 million tons a year
What doubled in industrial production between 1921-4?	coal and textile
By what year were water and electricity more reliable?	1926
What were the bad effects of the NEP?	prostitution, gambling, drug dealing, division of the party, Scissors Crisis, excess of food
Who liked and who disliked the NEP?	Bukharin and Trotsky
Why was the fact that there was more food than demand bad?	the price of food was low so peasants didn't earn much
Why did the price of manufactured goods go up?	there was not enough to meet demands
What was the Scissors Crisis?	high price of manufactured goods, low price of food = big class gap
When was Collectivisation introduced?	1927
What did Collectivisation do?	merged small farms into larger ones, which were supplied with modern fertilisers and equipment
When and what was the first stage of Collectivisation?	1927-9, Grain Procurement Crisis = kulaks withheld grain to increase its price. This justified the need for Collectivisation
When and what was the second stage of Collectivisation?	1928-9, introduction of emergency powers = introduction of rationing and grain requisitioning
What was the third stage of Collectivisation?	Dekulakisation = property of kulaks confiscated to be shared out, the kulaks resisted by destroying resources
What was the fourth stage of Collectivisation?	25000 industrial workers sent to the countryside to offer advice on Collectivisation = however they confiscated hidden resources, removed kulaks, forced peasants to collectivise
What was the economic reason for introducing Collectivisation?	inefficient agriculture
What was the political reason for introducing Collectivisation?	attract Trotsky's former supporters and defeat Bukharin with bigger power base, distinct himself from Lenin
What was the ideological reason for introducing Collectivisation?	more socialist than NEP
What was the military reason for introducing collectivisation?	imminent war with the Nazis so infrastructure and surplus of food needed
What were the successes of Collectivisation?	quick implementation, more communist than NEP, increase in grain exports, foundation for industrialisation
By what year were all farms collectivised?	1941
By how much did the amount of grain exported increase between 1928-33?	12 million tonnes
How much did the percentage of people who were industrial workers change from 1928 to 1939?	18% to 50%
What were the failures of Collectivisation?	lower levels of food produced, human suffering
By how much did the production of food decrease during Collectivisation?	in 1933 the harvest was 9 million tonnes less than in 1926
How much of the food consumed by the army during Collectivisation was American?	a fifth
How many people died in Ukraine during the famine of 1932-3?	5 million
Why did Stalin begin the FYPs?	said that communism was his goal, he had an unstable position in Lenin's shadow, industrialisation was needed
When was the First Five Year Plan?	1928-32
What were the success of the FFYP?	economy grows 14% per year; iron and workforce doubled
What were the failures of the FFYP?	poor quality of products; more produced than in demand; bad living and working conditions; shortages of consumer goods
When was the Second Five Year Plan?	1933-7
What were the successes of the SFYP?	heavy industry continued to increase; Moscow Metro opened in 1935; bread rationing ended in 1934; defence spending increased by 13%
What were the failures of the SFYP?	shortages of consumer goods; low quality of things produced; shortages of vital resources
In 1934, how many people queued for shoes in Leningrad?	6000
When was the Third Five Year Plan?	1938-1941
What were the successes of the TFYP?	33% of total government spending to army by 1940; 9 new aircraft factories in 1939; coal increased by 30% from 1937-40
What were the failures of the TFYP?	disorganised; consumer goods suffered; poor living and working conditions
When was the Fourth Five Year Plan?	1946-1950
What were the successes of the FoFYP?	industrial output increased by another 80%; 1/4 of expenditure into military; consumer goods doubled; fastest growing economy
What were the failures of the FoFYP?	only 12% expenditure in food and consumer goods; low wages; bad working and living conditions
How did Stalin transform the Russian economy?	increased heavy industry production, size of labour force increased, high rate of economic growth
How did Stalin fail to transform the Russia economy?	chaos, shortages of consumer goods
What problems was Khrushchev facing when he became the leader?	low levels of agricultural production; shortages of consumer goods; poor living and working conditions; slow economic growth
When was the Seven Year Plan?	1959
When was the Virgin Land Scheme?	1953
When was the Corn Campaign?	1958
By taking less food and spending more in agriculture, what did Khrushchev achieve?	250% increase in farm incomes between 1952-6
How much did the production of consumer goods increase between 1959-65?	60%
By how much did the total area farmed increase thanks to the Virgin Land Scheme?	79.2 million hectares between 1953 and 1964
How many more tractors were available by 1955?	30%
How much did the quality of fertilisers increase by 1955?	40%
How much was being spent in agriculture by 1959?	12.8% a year
By how much did the Virgin Land Scheme increase agricultrual production?	35.3% between 1954-8
Why was agriculture inefficient under Khrushchev?	50% of workers worked in agriculture and yet produced half the amount of what Americans could produce with just 5%
What caused chaos in industry under Khrushchev?	in 1957, the Gosplan was replaced by 105 regional planning agencies. This was reversed in 1958
Why was the Virgin Land Scheme so expensive?	land unsuitable so needed irrigation
Why was centrally organised agriculture inefficient?	wrong fertilisers were delivered
What did Brezhnev reverse?	Party reunited and Gosplan returned in 1965. FYPs returned in 1966
What were the Kosygin reforms?	judged managers by profit made; gave some industrial planning to managers
When were the Kosygin reforms abandoned?	1965
By 1976, how much was being spent in agriculture?	26%
By 1970, how much was being spent in military?	13%
What was different about the NFYP (1971-5)?	factories were linked to science research institutes
What were Andropov's three reforms?	anti-corruption campaign in 1982, anti alcohol campaign, Operation Trawl (arrest drunks)
Why did nothing change in Russia?	Failure of agricultural policies, disorganised economic planning, stagnation under Brezhnev, excessive levels of military spending, problems of command economy

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