AQA Psychology GCSE Social Influence

Questão	Responda
Social Influence	The effect other people have on our behaviour. This includes conformity, obedience and social loafing
Conformity	A change in a person's behaviour or opinion as the result of group pressure
Asch Aim	To see if people could be influenced by others people opinions to give an answer they know to be wrong.
Asch Method	Participants were shown sets of four lines. For each set, they had to say which line was the same length as the test line. Participants were either tested alone or in groups, where the rest of the group was instructed to give the same wrong answer.
Asch Results	When tested alone, the error rate was less than 1%. When tested in groups, on 32% of trials the participants gave the same wrong answer as the rest of the group. 74% of participants gave at least one wrong answer.
Asch Conclusion	Participants who gave incorrect answers knew their answer was wrong but they did not want to go against the group. This clearly shows conformity.
Normative conformity	Conforming to someone's behaviour or opinion due to the desire to be liked and accepted
Informative Conformity	Conforming to someone's behaviour or opinion due to the desire to be right
Obedience	Following the orders of someone we believe has authority
Hofling et al Aim	To see if people would follow an unreasonable order in their normal work environment.
Hofling et al Method	He contacted 22 nurses individually be phone claiming to be a doctor and instructed them to give a patient twice the maximum dosage of the drug Astrofen.
Hofling et al Results	Of the 22, 21 were prepared to follow his orders, despite the maximum dosage being clearly marked on the bottle
Hofling et al Conclusion	Nurses are likely to obey the instructions of a doctor, even when there may be bad consequences for a patient
Bickman Aim	He wanted to know if people will be more likely to obey an order if it came from someone in a uniform
Bickman Method	He had actors dress as either a security gurd or just in a casual jacket. They both asked people sitting in a park to pick up litter
Bickman Results	80% of people obeyed the "guard" compared to 40% when the actor wasn't wearing a uniform.
Bickman Conclusion	Wearing a uniform will increase the sense that a person is a legitimate authority figure
Reasons for Obedience	-Socialisation -Legitimate authority -Buffers -Not feeling Responsible -Gradual commitment
Socialisation	The way we are raised to behave and the things we are taught to accept as normal
Deindividuating	The sense of losing your sense of individuality and becoming less aware of our own responsibility for our actions
Zimbardo Aim	To see if people in a big city behave in a more antisocial way than people in a small town
Zimbardo Method	He parked a car in New York City and in Palo Alto with it's hood up as if it had been broken down and observed what people did as they passed by.
Zimbardo Results	In New York City people immediately began stealing parts of the car. Within two weeks there was very little left. In Palo Alto, the only time the car was touched was when someone lowered the bonnet to stop the engine getting wet when it was raining
Zimbardo Conclusion	Deindividuation caused by living in a big city leads to an increase in anti-social behaviour.
Factors affecting Deindividuation	-Anonymity -Wearing a uniform -Being part of a gang or clearly identifiable group
Social Loafing	Putting less effort into doing something when you are with others who are doing the same thing
Earley Aim	To see if culture has an influence on social loafing
Earley Method	Participants from the US and China had to complete tasks alone and in groups. The level of social loafing was measured by how much effort was put into the task in each condition by the participant.
Earley Results	The American participants reduced the amount of effort they put into the task when they were in groups but the Chinese didn't.
Earley Conclusion	Social Loafing does not exist in all cultures. In some cultures, people are prepared just as hard for the good of the whole group, even when they don't need to.
Factors that affect Social Loafing	-The size of the group -Nature of the task -Culture
Latane and Darley Aim	To see if people are less likely to react in an emergency when there are others present.
Latane and Darley Method	They had participants sit in a room either alone or in threes while completing a questionnaire. While they were doing this smoke began pouring into the room
Latane and Darley Results	75% of Participants sitting alone went to tell someone about the smoke within 6 minutes. Whereas only 38% of those in groups of threes did.
Latane and Darley Conclusion	If there are other people around you, it will make it less likely that you will react in an emergency
Diffusion of Responsibility	In a group of people there is less need for the individual to act because someone else who is present could also do something
Piliavin Aim	To see if the appearance of a victim would influence helping behaviour.
Piliavin Method	He had an actor pretend to collapse in a train carriage. His appearance was altered several times, and the amount of help he received each time was recorded by an observer
Piliavin Results	With a walking stick, he received help within 70 s 90% of the time. With an ugly facial scar, this dropped to 60%. When he appeared drunk, it dropped to 20%
Piliavin Conclusion	The appearance of the person needing help will affect whether and how quickly they get that help
Empathy	Being able to put yourself into someone else's position psychologically and understand how that person is feeling
Bystander Apathy	Doing nothing in an emergency when someone else is in need of help
Batson et al Aim	To discover if the similarity of the victim to the bystander will affect whether or not they receive help.
Batson et al Method	Participants watched a woman who they thought was receiving electric shocks. Each participant was made to think the woman was either like them or not like them. They were then given the opportunity to take the woman's place to stop her suffering.
Batson et al Results	More participants were prepared to take the place of the woman they thought to be similar to themselves
Batson et al Conclusion	People are more likely to offer help to someone they feel is similar to themselves in some way, than to someone they cannot relate to. This is because we feel greater empathy for people like ourselves
Schroeder et al Aim	To explore different reasons for bystanders not helping
Schroeder at al Method	They studied the findings and conclusions from many previous pieces of research.
Schroeder et al Results	They were able to provide an alternative explanation for bystander apathy
Schroeder et al Conclusion	Bystanders are distressed and concerned about victims, but when other people are present, they believe that someone else is more capable of helping

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	Criado por Natalia Cliff mais de 7 anos atrás