3.1.1 Flash Cards

Questão	Responda
What is data?	Raw facts and figures that are meaningless
What is information?	Information is data that has been describe. It need Structure, Context and Meaning
How does data gain structure? Give an example	Structure is gained through presentation e.g. DATA - 210426 = STRUCTURE 15-05-17
How does data gain context? Give an example	Context is gained through interpretation e.g. STRUCTURED DATA - 15-05-17 = CONTEXT - A date
How does data gain Meaning? Give an example	When you understand what it means e.g. STRUCTURED DATA - 15-05-17 = CONTEXT - A DATE = MEANING - the 135th day of the year (136th in a leap year)
Give the "Equation" to make data into information	Data + Meaning(Structure+Context) = Information
Give three ways of presenting data	Any of: Text Graphics/Image Sound Moving Image/Animation LED
When can text be used? When can Graphics/Images be used? When can Sound be used?	Letters, Emails, Texts Signs, Charts Alarms, Spoken Word
When can Moving Images/animations be used? When can LED be used?	Education, For fun On machines to indicate on/off, Display minimal inforamtion
One advantage of using text	Any from: Meaning is clear and explicit Can be read in a loud place A lot of information at once
One disadvantage of using text	Any from: Language barriers Long Winded Visually impaired Long time for people to process
One advantage of using Images	Any from: "Pictures worth a thousand words" No language barrier Can see if loud Always there
One disadvantage of using Images	Any from: Might not be clear/Misinterpreted Need knowledge of context No explanation if misunderstanding
One advantage of using sound	Any from: Can grab attention No need to be close Visual impairments have no problems No visual distraction
One disadvantage of using sound	Any from: Hearing impairments Bad in a loud environment Everyone has to listen Must be present at the time to hear it
One advantage of using moving image/animation	Any from: Can convey actions Language independent
One disadvantage of using moving image/animation	Any from: Only show frame by frame No sound
One advantage of using LEDs	Any from: Takes up little space Power efficient Cheap to produce
One disadvantage of using LEDs	Any from: Meaningless if you don't know why to use them Need to be close to see them
What is knowledge Give an example	The understanding of rules needed to interpret information and using it, using your knowledge base e.g. INFORMATION - 21-04-26 is Queen Elizabeth's birthday in European date format KNOWLEDGE - The Queen was 82 in 2012
DATA TYPES What is Boolean What is Real What is an Integer	Only two values (Yes/No) Any number including decimals Any single number with no decimals
What is a String What is Date and Time	Any alphanumerical value A date or time format
What is the data type of a telephone number	String
What does a "direct source of data" mean?	Data that has been collected for a specific purpose
Advantages of Direct source	Any from: Data is what is required Source is trusted
Disadvantages of Direct Source	Any from: Costly to collect original data Takes time to collect Sample sizes may be too small
What does an "Indirect source of data" mean?	Data collected previously and being used for a different purpose other than it original purpose
Advantages of Indirect source?	Any from : Data instantly Different Sources can be compared Large sample sizes
Disadvantages of Indirect Source?	Any from: Not likely to meet requirements May be out of date May not be trustworthy May not be enough detail Format may be inappropriate
Name one factor which affects the quality of information. Explain the one you've chosen	Any from: Completeness - Need to have full data Relevance - Must be on-topic Accuracy - Need to be accurate/reliable Age - Data should not be old or out of date Presentation - Understandable e.g. chart Level of detail - Too much or too little data
What is the purpose of encoding data?	Any from: Speeding up processing times Reduce the amount of storage Improving accuracy of input Improving the presentation of data Security
Ways to encode:	Any from: Numerical Representations (01= science, 02 = Engineering) Abbreviations (SCI = science, ENG = engineering) Value Judgments (Used in questionnaires)
What is the purpose of validation?	To ensure data is (any from): Sensible Reasonable Within Acceptable Boundaries Complete
Name a Type of validation	Any from: Range checks (e.g. 1-10, a day before today) Type checks (e.g. real, integer, string) Length check (e.g. must be 5 characters) Picture/format checks (e.g. post codes) Presence checks (e.g. required fields) Lookup checks (e.g. Male/Female/Other)
What is check digit? What is it used for?	Check Digit is a single number between 0-9 which is put at the end of a string (e.g. barcode) We use it to mathematically check the accuracy of data
How does check digit work?	1. Data is entered (plus check digit) 2. Computer generates the expected check digit 3. If check digit matches = Save data 4. If check digit doesn't match = Data is rejected, Error message, Try again
What is the purpose of verification?	Verification makes sure the data is the same as the object data
Name the two types of verification	Computer Verification - Double Entry (e.g. passwords) Manual Verification - Proof Reading (the person checks the data manually from the screen to the source)
Name one problem with Computer verification Name one problem with Manual Verification	Any from: May have entered the same data entry error twice and not picked up Any from: Blurred and tired eyes might not pick up errors People can see the same error twice and
What is a transcript error? Give an example	Making a mistake when copying data over e.g Stuart = Stuasrt
What is a transposition error? Give an example	Making a mistake by reversing data e.g. Stuart = Staurt
What is the difference between Backing Up and Archiving data?	Backing up makes a copy of the data and stores it somewhere else for easy access Archiving removes the data and transfers it somewhere else for storing
Name 3 costs of personnel	Any from: People employed to collect the data Contractors Maintenance of hardware and software Staff attending training courses
Name 3 costs of Software	Any from: Software licenses Training staff to use the software Maintenance agreements DPT/Graphics editing
Name 3 costs of Hardware	Any from: Storage space to hold data Purchasing and updating the equipment Printers, CDs, DVDs, Writer, Scanner, Camera
Name 3 cost of consumables	Any from: Electricity Paper/toner for printers Lamps Petrol
Describe the diagram of the input, output, process, storing feedback.	Image: Loop (image/jpeg)
What is Inputting? What types of inputs are there?	Inputting is entering external data and adding it to the system Electrical input - CD/Disk , Network Manual Input - Keyboard
What is processing? What are the three "steps" of processing?	Processing is the actions performed on the data. Sorting Searching Performing Calculations
What is storage? What is in storage?	Storage is where the data is held It holds results from processing, the original input and any other data required during processing
What is outputting? What types of outputs are there?	Outputting is taking the information from the system and showing it to the user Printed Outputs Output on screen Electronic Output PDF Output
What is feedback? What is a closed Loop What is an open Loop	Feedback is the output from the system and it can form the next input system If feedback = automatic = Closed Loop If feedback = Manual = Open Loop
What are the steps of a UPC Check Digit Modulus 10?	1. Add odd placed numbers 2. Times odd totally by 3 3. Add even placed numbers 4. Add even and odd totals 5. Divide the total by 10 6. Subtract the remainder from 10 7. Add final digit to the end
What is Modulus 11 used for?	It is usually used with 10 digit barcodes
Explain the steps of modulus 11	1. Identify length of number 3. Identify weightings

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