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| Questão | Responda |
| Definitions of abnormality | 1. Statistical Infrequency 2. Deviation from social norms 3. Failure to function adequately 4. Deviation from ideal mental health |
| Statistical Infrequency | An individual has an uncommon characteristic. |
| Deviation from social norms | Behaviour is different to that accepted by society. |
| Failure to function adequately | Someone is unable to cope with daily tasks in everyday life. |
| Deviation from ideal mental health | Occurs when someone does not meet a set criteria (Jahoda , 1958) |
| Types of phobias | 1. Specific 2. Social anxiety 3. Agoraphobia |
| Specific phobia | Phobia of an object, or situation e.g. having an injection. |
| Social anxiety | Phobia of a social situation e.g. public speaking. |
| Agoraphobia | Fear of going outside |
| Characteristics of phobias | Emotional- Anxiety & unreasonable responses Behavioural- Panic, avoidance and endurance Cognitive- Distortions & irrational beliefs |
| Explaining phobias | Behavioural approach. Two-way process model. |
| Two-way process model | Acquisition by classical conditioning. Maintained by operant conditioning. |
| Evaluation of explanation | Incomplete explanation Phobias do not always follow a trauma Positive implications for therapy |
| Treating phobias | 1. Systematic desensitisation 2. Flooding |
| Systematic desensitisation | Three steps 1. Anxiety hierarchy 2. Relaxation 3. Exposure |
| Anxiety hierarchy | List of situations are put in order from least to most frightening, in terms of anxiety. |
| Relaxation | Involves breathing exercises, mental imagery techniques and meditation. |
| Exposure | Takes place across several sessions. Patient is exposed to phobic stimulus whilst in a relaxed state. |
| Evaluation of systematic desensitisation | Effective Acceptable Suitable for a range of patients |
| Flooding | Involves immediate exposure to a phobia. Learn that the phobia is harmless. |
| Evaluation of flooding | Cost effective Less effective for some phobias Traumatic for patients Symptom substitution |
| Types of depression | 1. Major depressive 2. Persistent depressive 3. Disruptive mood dysregulation 4. Premenstrual dysphoric |
| Major depressive disorder | Severe but often short-term. |
| Persistent depressive disorder | Long-term or recurring. |
| Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder | Childhood temper tantrums. |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | Disruption prior to/during menstruation. |
| Characteristics of depression | Emotional- Anger, lowered mood & self-esteem Behavioural- Aggression, lowered activity levels Cognitive- Poor concentration & negative thinking. |
| Explaining depression | Cognitive approach. 1. Beck's cognitive theory 2. Ellis' ABC Model |
| Beck's cognitive theory | 1. Faulty information processing 2. Negative self-schemas 3. Negative triad |
| Faulty information processing | Focus on negative aspects and ignores the positive. |
| Negative self-schemas | Interpret information about themselves negatively. |
| Negative triad | Negative view of: The world The future The self |
| Evaluation of explanation- Beck | Good supporting evidence Practical application Incomplete explanation |
| Ellis' ABC Model | A- Activating event B- Beliefs C- Consequences |
| Activating event | Experience a negative event which triggers irrational beliefs e.g. failing a test. |
| Beliefs | MUSTurbation- Must achieve perfection Utopianism- Life is always meant to be fair |
| Consequences | Triggers irrational beliefs which can cause depression. |
| Evaluation of explanation- Ellis | Partial explanation Practical application Incomplete explanation |
| Treating depression | 1. CBT- Beck 2. REBT- Ellis |
| Cognitive Behaviour Therapy | Challenge negative thoughts, and test the reality of these thoughts. |
| Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy | Change irrational beliefs. Empirical arguments and logical arguments. |
| Evaluation of treatments | Success may be due to relationship Effective May not work on severe cases Overemphasis on cognition |
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Types of OCD
Image:
Ocd Cycle (image/jpeg)
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1. OCD 2. Trichotillomania 3. Hoarding disorder 4. Excoriation disorder |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | Characterised by obsessions (recurring thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviours). |
| Trichotillomania | Compulsive hair pulling. |
| Hoarding disorder | The inability to part with anything, regardless of its value. |
| Excoriation disorder | Compulsive skin picking. |
| Characteristics of OCD | Emotional- Anxiety, guilt, depression and distress Behavioural- Repetitive compulsions and avoidance Cognitive- Obsessive thoughts and cognitive strategies |
| Explaining OCD | Biological approach. 1. Genetic explanations 2. Neural explanations |
| Genetic explanations | Genes are involved in the vulnerability of OCD- Candidate genes. It is polygenic, so can be caused by more than one gene. |
| Evaluation of genetic explanation | Supporting evidence- Nestadt et al Environmental risks Too many candidate genes Twin studies are flawed |
| Neural explanations | The role of serotonin- Regulates mood Impaired decision making- especially in hoarding systems. |
| Evaluation of neural explanations | Some supporting evidence Unclear what mechanisms are involved May be a symptom, not a cause |
| Treating OCD | 1. SSRIs 2. Tricyclics 3. SNRIs |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor | 20mg fluoxetine. Increases serotonin levels in the brain. Often used alongside CBT. |
| Tricyclic | Antidepressants- Clomipramine. Same effect as SSRIs |
| Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor | Used when patients do not respond to SSRI. Increases adrenaline as well as serotonin. |
| Evaluation of treatments | Drugs can have side effects. Cost effective, and tackles symptoms. Unreliable evidence. OCD may follow a trauma. |
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