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| Questão | Responda |
| Three different themes of government | Factions / Influence of individuals / Elizabeth's level of control |
| 1st decade of E's gov was what in finance and social economic policies | traditional / careful |
| What was aim of 1st decade of E's government? | Aim was to uphold the prestige of the nobility, maintain class and economic structures and use Parliament in tradition manner – as a source of extraordinary revenue. |
| Biggest challenge facing E? (+ Warren's comment) | WOMAAAN - Traditional methods of ruling relied upon the traditional power relationships – the will of the monarch was the driving force behind policy |
| Definition of faction | group of people which seeks personal and/or political objectives, such as political privileges/offices/implementation of certain policy, and tries to deny these things to rivals. |
| On E's accession there were a multitude of powerful nobles who held power... | Duke of Norfolk / Earls of Derby / Shrewsbury / Pembroke / Westmoreland |
| Duke of Norfolk's power (wealth and loyalty of those who worked for him) | Owned 414 estates and all tenants (1000s) were generally loyal to him He controlled the Norfolk Commission of the Peace and was responsible for appointing half the county’s JPs He could offer a lot of patronage – including seats in the HofC |
| Reason E couldn't ignore nobles? (Haigh) | E couldn’t ignore them because “nobles had come to be essential intermediaries; a county’s representative at court and the court’s representative at county level” Haigh |
| 2 ways E tried to control nobles | • Appointed them Lord Lieutenant in their counties (by 1585 LL's in every shire) • She would then keep an eye on them in court |
| Role of PC (3) | To advise the monarch To adjudicate in disputes which affected the good order of the realm To administer the government of the kingdom |
| MacCaffrey's analysis on challenge of E's selection of PC | “it could be a finely tuned instrument of power or a hot bed of faction”. |
| How did Edward's reign control PC | the council’s efficiency declined – became dominated by political factions of Somerset and Northumberland |
| How did Mary try to control her PC | Mary’s reign, very large council appointed (50) – historical debate: this hampered decision-making process vs. more opinions did not hamper decision-making or execution of policy at all. |
| Work of Paget during Mary's reign meant how was condition of PC passed onto E | Work of William Paget during Mary’s reign meant that the PC passed on to Elizabeth was in good shape, but also highlighted the importance of selecting good ministers. |
| Gunn's interpretation of E's PC | S. J. Gunn: under Elizabeth’s reign, and particularly under the influence of William Cecil, we see the Privy Council become the “heart of the Tudor regime” |
| How many PCouncillors were there in 1570 | 19 |
| How many PCouncillors in 1597 | 11 |
| Haigh's assessment of E's council in latter part of reign | “from 1572-1601 Elizabeth’s Council was dangerously narrow and weak in its membership” |
| Warren's argument about PCs | never had ability to control her and no evidence to suggest that any councillor could manipulate the queen at any part of her reign |
| No what opposition in the PC after the Fall of Norfolk in 1572 | no pro-catholic opposition in PC |
| Therefore from 1570s what could it be argued the PC agreed on the fundamentals (3) | The need for the Queen to marry The need to settle the succession The need to uphold and defend Protestantism |
| What points when personal rivalries boiled over regarding certain policies (3) | Dispute over suitor (Leicester’s own, and the Anjou marriage) Leicester’s quiet support of MQS’ claim to the succession The Leicester/Walsingham clash over anti-Spanish intervention in the Netherlands |
| E.g. of in later stage when see Queen losing control | She allows the increasing dominance of Robert Cecil and due to this the Essex faction arose and resulted in his disastrous coup |
| Warren's main idea regarding faction or PC | Warren puts forth the idea that the PC was neither one dominated by faction, nor completely dominated by the Queen. |
| Few exceptions where E couldn't ignore pressures of Council eg | Opposition to Alencon marriage |
| Elizabeth's approach to PC if they didn't listen to her according to Warren | Subjected to 'an impressive display of evasion, bullying and hesitation' |
| Pope Sixtus V's assessment of the impressive position she had forged for herself | 'She is only a woman, only the mistress of half an island, and yet she makes herself feared by Spain, by France, by the Empire, by all!' |
| Exception when she didn't get her way? | Death of MQS |
| Leicester's Common-wealth pamphlet emphasising his importance | 1570s |
| Neale's account of Leicester | He painted a picture of a Court obsessed with the 'vast amount of patronage' at the disposal of the Queen. |
| Haigh's assessment of factionalism | Elizabeth was unable to control these factions and, as a result, the 'rivalries sometimes threatened disaster'. |
| Ives and MacCaffrey's focus | the rivalry between Burghley and Leicester |
| Simon Adams' research | historians now play down the role of factional rivalry in the first 2/3 of E’s reign. Argue that E’s ministers were essentially a consistent group who shared similar political objectives and usually worked well together, with occasional disagreements (they’re allowed to dispute…doesn’t mean factional rivalry!) |
| Results of Adams' research | Therefore the traditional view of a poisonous rivalry between Burghley and Leicester has been played down But still acknowledged is the importance of the factional conflict between Rob Cecil and Essex in the final decade |
| Guy's assessment of faction | the real disagreements within the PC are symptomatic of personal rivalries not factionalism based on ideological or religious hatred. |
| How has Guy developed Adam's opinion | Guy has also developed Adam’s opinion…. Plays the gender card as a reason why she struggled. Guy sees Cecil as the driving force behind the 1559 Settlement |
| How does Doran see E | Doran: sees E as an assertive monarch – much more than Guy. Doran believes E to be a tactical manipulator of her male PC and therefore constantly in control (bar the MQS issue) |
| WHAT DO ALL HISTORIANS AGREE ON | All the historians agree about the issues in the 1590s and the factional rivalry between Essex and Cecil Jnr. Adams: “the Court became a battleground for factional struggle”. |
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