Developmental Psychology

Nós do fluxograma

• Developmental Psychology

• Nature vs. Nurture

• NATURE -Genetics -Heritability -​​​we are born the way we are

• NURTURE -Environment -Experience -we are raised a certain way

• Research Methods: Cross-Sectional = compare different age groups at the same time Longitudinal Studies = study one group over a long period of time

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT physical changes over time

• Prenatal Development 1. ZYGOTE - fertilized egg + 2 weeks + rapid cell division (zygote attaches to uterine wall) 2. EMBRYO - 6 weeks + critical development (heart beat/ organs develop) 3. FETUS - 9 weeks till birth + grow + sensory system developed (can hear/respond to light) (by 6 months, stomach/organs have developed enough to survive outside of mother)

• Critical Periods (once embryo begins to receive nourishment from placenta it becomes vulnerable to hazards/diseases/toxins that can affect periods of growth) ARMS and LEGS - 3.5 to 8 weeks HEART - 2.5 to 6.5 weeks CNS - 2 to 5 weeks EYES - 3.5 to 8.5 weeks TEETH/ROOF OF MOUTH - 7 to 12 weeks

• Teratogens = chemical agents that can harm the prenatal environment Alcohol - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) causes physical and cognitive abnormalities and is the leading cause of intellectual disabilities STD's - HIV, Herpes, Genital Warts

• Sensory Development most sensory abilities are well developed at birth -touch is the best, then smell and taste -hearing develops once fluid from womb clears out -vision is least functional at birth (newborns have preference for complex patterns/three dimensions/human faces)    

• Healthy Newborns turn head towards voices + can see 8-12 inches from their face + gaze longer at human-like objects Reflexes : inborn automatic responses - rooting, sucking, grasping, moro (safety: fling limbs out and then curl up into a little ball), Babinski (stoke foot and toes spread), gagging

• Motor Development GROSS: big body parts       FINE: little body parts 1. Raising Hand and Chest (2-4 months) 2. Rolling Over (2-5 months) 3. Sitting Up With Support (4-6 months) 4. Sitting Up Without Support (6-7 months) 5. Crawling (7-8 months) 6. Walking (8-18 months)  

• Maturation = physical growth regardless of environment  

• Puberty = period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing Primary Sexual Characteristics = body structures that make reproduction possible Secondary Sexual Characteristics = non-reproductive sexual characteristics

• Adulthood all physical abilities essentially peak by our mid 20's, the it all goes downhill Life Expectancy: keeps increasing (82 right now), women outlive men by 4 years

• Kubler-Ross's Stages of Death/Grief 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

• SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT being able to interact with others

• Attachment ( imprinting) = close emotional bond between infant & birth giver.

• Harlows Monkeys  = showed that touch was needed to form attachment

• Types of Attachment 1. Secure (plays w toys, cry when mom leaves, happy when she returns)  2. Avoidant  ( plays w toys, don't go to parents fro comfort when they return) 3. Anxious/ Ambivalent  (shw stress when parents leave, dont want comfort  when they return) 

• Strange Situation (Mary Ainsworth) =See how kids behave in a playroom, then when mom leaves and when she returns  

• Temparement = behavioral characteristics that show  a particular mood at a particular time 

• EASY- happy child, easy to please DIFFICULT -irregular sleep patterns, hard to please SLOW TO WARM UP- less grumpy then difficult child, slow to adapt to change

• Parenting Styles Authoritarian- have important rules ( Bc I said so)  Permissive- submit to child's desires,few demands/ punishment                       - (Neglectful/Indulgent) Authoritative- demanding but responsive/ reasonable? encourage discussion 

• Stage Theories = travel from stage to stage in our lifetimes 

• FREUD = psychosexual stages of developement = sex drives everything                              = libido yravels to different parts of the body through out life     

• PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPEMENT  1. Oral Stage: all pleasure comes in through mouth (0-2)    2. Anal Stage: controlling/ expelling waste (2-4) 3. Phallic Stage:recognizes gender/ shows jealousy (4-7) 5. Latency Stage:cooties (7-11) 6. Genital Stage: focused on genitals for the rest of time (12- death) 

• ERIKSON = neo-freudian  = personality is influenced  =psychosocial development 

• PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPPMENT 1. Trust vs Mistrust (0-2) 2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3)  3. Initiative vs Doubt (3-5) 4. Industry vs Inferiority ( 5-12) 5. Adolesence vs Role Confusion (13-20)  6. Intimacy vs Isolation (20-30) 7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40-50) 8. EgoIntegruty vs Despair (60+)

• COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT  Piaget: kids learn differently than adults 

• Schemas = mental containers that help us interpert our world around us 

• Assimilation  = incorporate new experiences into exsiting schemas  Accomodation  = adapt our understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info 

• PIAGETS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT  Sensorimotor (0-2) = experience the world through our senses = no object permanance   Preoperational (2-7) = have object permanance  =begin to use language  =egocentric  =no conservation/ logic  =animism  =irrevirsibility  Concrete Operational (7-12) = logical thought processes =understand conservation/ irrevirsability  Formal Operational (12- adulthood) = abstract reasoning/ hypotheis testing  = Trial & Error  = Metacongnition  ( not everyone gets to this stage)   

• TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE  Crystalized-  accumulated knowledge   Fluid- solve problems quickly and abstractly  

• MORAL DEVELOPMENT

• Heinz Dilemma (places you in a stage) = Partner is sick and dying and needs a drug they can't afford. Do they steal it or not?

• Pre-Conventional = morality based on rewards and punishments STAGE 1 - obedience & punishment (avoid punishment) STAGE 2 - self interest (rewards/benefits that interest you the most)

• Conventional =  morality based on how others see you STAGE 3 - conformity (secure approval/be a good kid/do what others are doing) STAGE 4 - authority & social order (law and order/do your duty)

• Post-Conventional = morality based on self-defines ethical principles STAGE 5 - social contract (what's morally right may not be what's legally right) STAGE 6 - Universal Ethical Principles (human life has an inherent value and is more important that all laws/rules)