AS chemistry unit 2 - reactions between functional groups

Nós do fluxograma

• Alkane

• halogenoalkane

• Polyalkene

• alcohol

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

• Carboxylic acid

• Nitrile

• Alkene

• Ester

• free radical substitution

• UV/Sunlight,Cl2

• Nucleophilic substitution

• NaOH/KOH

• Elimination

• NaOH & Ethanol heated under reflux

• HX

• Electrophilic addition

• dehydration (elimination)

• Conc H2SO4 at 170*C/ gaseous alcohol over heated Al2O3

• Hydration (cracking)

• reversible reaction, so 300*C, 60-70 atm, phosphoric acid catalyst

• 1* alcohol only - Oxidation

• Distillation with acidified potassium dichromate (aq potassium dichromate & sulfuric acid)

• Reflux continuously with K2Cr2O7/H+

• 2* alcohol only - Oxidation

• Reflux with Cr2O7*2-/H+

• Other oxidising agent - acidified potassium manganate

• Addition Polymerisation

• Salt

• Neutralisation 

• Acid + Base -> Salt + WaterAcid + Carbonate -> Salt + water + carbon dioxide 

• Chemical test- Carbonates & hydrogen carbonates

• Esterification

• carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester + water

• conc H2SO4 (catalyst) & Heat under reflux

• Esterification (image/png)

• Nucleophilic substitution

• NaCN/KCN

• Heated under reflux

• Chemical tests- Bromine water- Brown to colourless as the Br2 adds to the double bondAcidified potassium Manganate KMnO4- Purple solution becomes colourless

• Chemical test-  sodium hydroxide added to release ions. Nitric acid neutralises excess acid. Aqueous silver nitrate added

• Catalytic hydrogenation 

• 150*C & Nickel catalyst (platinum not used because of cost

• Oxidation

• Chlorine - white pptBromine- Cream pptIodine - yellow ppt

• Chemixal test to distinguish between different types of alcohol- Potassium dichromate turns from orange to green when oxidised

• Primary alcohol - can be oxidised Twice. Alcohol -> Aldehyde -> Carboxylic acidd

• Secondary alcohol - oxidised once. Alcohol ->  Ketone

• Tertiary alcohol - No oxidation