Depression- Psychopathology Revision

Characteristics
1. Behavioural
  1. Activity levels
    1. Lethargy
    2. Psychomotor agitation
      1. Difficulty relaxing
  2. Sleep and diet disruption
  3. Aggression and self-harm
2. Emotional
  1. Lowered mood
    1. Empty/worthless
  2. Anger
  3. Lowered self-esteem
    1. Self-loathing
3. Cognitive
  1. Poor concentration
  2. Paying attention to the negative
  3. Absolutist thinking
    1. All good or all bad, no in between
Explanation
1. Cognitive
  1. Beck, 1967
    1. Faulty information processing
      1. Only focusing on negative aspects
        Winning £1,000,000 in lottery, but previous winner won £10,000,000
      2. Blowing small problems out of proportion
    2. Negative self schemas
      1. A 'schema' is a package of information developed through experience
        They act as a mental framework for our interpretation of information
        A negative self-schema is when we interpret all information about ourselves in a negative way
    3. The negative triad
      1. World
        World is horrible place
        Hopelessness
      2. Future
        Future is bleak
      3. Self
        I am a failure
        Low self esteem
    4. Evaluation
      1. Good supporting evidence
        These faulty cognitions are seen before depression, suggesting they may be the cause, not the effect
      2. Practical application
        CBT
      3. Doesn't explain all aspects
        Can't explain anger or hallucinations
  2. Ellis, 1962
    1. ABC model
      1. A- Activating event
        Negative events (e.g. bereavement) cause irrational thoughts
      2. B- Beliefs
        Musturbation
        Always being successful
        Utopianism
        Life must always be fair
      3. C- Consequences
        Emotional and behavioural consequences
        If you aren't always successful, this may trigger depression
    2. Depression is result of irrational thoughts
    3. Evaluation
      1. Partial explanation
        Only works for reactive depression
      2. Practical application
        CBT
Treatment
1. Cognitive
  1. CBT
    1. Beck
      1. Identify negative triad
      2. Challenge negative triad
      3. Reality testing
        Patient as scientist
        Recording when something made them feel good
    2. Ellis
      1. REBT
        The ABCDE model
        D- Dispute
        E- Effect
        Identify and dispute irrational thoughts
        Vigorous argument
        Empirical
        Is there any evidence?
        Logical
        Does negative thought logically follow from facts?
    3. Evaluation
      1. It is effective
        CBT just as effective as medication, and increased improvement rates when combined with drugs
      2. May not work on severe cases
        Have to be motivated enough to engage
        Can't be sole treatment
      3. Some patients don't want to focus on present and future, but their past instead
        Frustrating
      4. Overemphasis on cognition
        Disregards patient's situation e.g. poverty

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Depression- Psychopathology Revision

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	Criado por Grace Fawcitt aproximadamente 7 anos atrás