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125461
3.3 - How can demand for energy be managed sustainably
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A-level Geography G3 (Energy) Mapa Mental sobre 3.3 - How can demand for energy be managed sustainably, criado por RoryFlynn2 em 07-06-2013.
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energy
geography g3
geography g3
energy
a-level
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RoryFlynn2
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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3.3 - How can demand for energy be managed sustainably
India
Muppandal wind farms
Asia's largest turbine - can power 190,000 energy saving light bulb
3500 wind turbines - 1600 megawatts - power 1 million homes
1 turbine = US$1.5 million - very expensive
To overcome costs - 100% depreciation - energy costs nothing to companies that invest - do this instead of pay taxes
A country cannot supply all of its energy from one form - wind unpredictable in India
Solar plans - 20 megawatts by 2020
Current usage - 80% thermal, 2% nuclear, 16% hydro, 2% solar
Biogas
Cattle manure produces methane - can be burnt for cooking
Cleaner than wood stoves - very smokey + less deforestation
Relatively cheap to make + easy to build
Can be built and maintained by locals
Meets 57% of national demand
Reduces chronic diseases e.g. respiratory illnesses
Bi-product 'slurry' nutrient rich + can be returned to fields as short term fertiliser
Improved subsistence, increased food security and increased income
Demand expected to grow 4.6%
Three Gorges Dam, China
Opportunities created
Economic
Provides electricity to support rising demand
Provides 18,200 MW of HEP (20% of overall HEP)
Millions of jobs created
Improves navigation on Yangtze River
Flood Control
Reduces risk of flooding in lower Yangtze River
660km long reservoir can store 100 yr flood event
Protects 15 million people +1.5 million ha of land
Sustainability and climate control
HEP is clean, renewable energy
Gain will be wiped out by China's investment into coal power stations
Problems
Resettlement of indigenous people
1.2 - 1.9 million forcibly displaced during creation of reservoir
Govt promised cash compensation + new homes - not delivered
Fraud and corruption among local officials
Forced to live in poorer conditions
Environmental degradation
Reservoir water flow too slow to wash out pollutants
Declining water quality
habitat loss
Social + cultural
Flooding = loss of cultural, archaeological and historic sites
Destroy natural beauty of 3 Gorges - popular tourist site
Economic
Loss of 30,000 ha of productive farmland
No floods = no natural fertilisation = reliance on chemical fertilisers
Reduction in minerals at mouth = inshore fish catches fallen by 1 million tonnes/yr
Industrial activities (Coal + metal ore mines) lost from river banks from flooding
Carbon Trading
Set up 2007
Quotas on how much carbon countries can produce
Large carbon-producing companies given 'carbon credits'
If production reduced - they can sell credits to other companies = profit
If a company goes over quota - fined
Problem?
Lots of companies reduce - surplus of credits - lose value = less incentive to cut
Energy conservation
Earthship Brighton
Project aiming to create a model low carbon house
Off-grid, self sufficient 'green' buildings
Constructed using waste car tyres + other recyclables
Collect own water + use plants to treat sewage
Rain = Free water, wind = free power, sun = power + heat
Why?
Economic
Fuel costs
over £65 million/ yr in UK
Enivornmental
Pollutants (CO2 emissions)
Social
Jobs created
Easier + cheaper to run homes
Important for people with low incomes
Politcal
Energy security
Brazil biofuels
Runs many of their cars from ethanol produced by sugar cane
20% less carbon emissions
Working network of petrol stations supplying biofuels
Land reforms
Govt gives landless farmers land for biofuel production
HOWEVER - Multinationals buy the land
Food production reduces
Brazilian production of rice + beans fall by 15% over last 20yrs
Peasant farmers unable to buy land
Employ few people - less benefits
Biodiesel nearly doubled
Jatropha
1/4 of US maize crop will go to fuel
Requires 14 million ha of land
Disadvantages
Food prices rising due to refocus on biofuels
10% rise in food price means poverty for people in India
Led to local farmers' crops replaced - now relying on food handouts
Increased food security
Reports of farmers being thrown off land
Arrested for uprooting jatropha crop
Move to biofuels = displacement of people, hunger, poverty, inability to grow food for themselves
MEDCs suffer much less than LEDCs - TNCs/ globalisation
Biofuels for rich countries mustn't come at the expense of food for poor countries
Advantages
20% of diesel to come from these crops in 8yrs time
Provides an income
Can be grown on inhabitable land for normal crops
Can be grown on outskirts of other crops
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