Bladder cancer

The color of urine always gives an indication!
Types
1. Benign
  1. Papilloma
    1. Leiomyoma
2. Malignant
  1. TCC
    1. SCC
      1. Adenocarcinoma
        Rhabdomyosarcoma
Signs and symptoms
1. Frequency
  1. Painless hematuria
    1. Dysuria
Risk factors
1. Smoking
  1. Azo dyes
    1. History of bladder infections
      1. Catheters
        Family history of bladder cancer
2. Schistosomiasis
  1. parasite infection by Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, S. intercalatum and S. haematobium.
  2. Transmission
    1. fresh water containing larval forms (cercariae) of schistosomes, which develop in snails. Larvae penetrate the skin of individuals swimming or wading in water. Snails become infected as a result of excretion of eggs in human urine or faeces.
  3. Symptoms
    1. mansoni,, mekongi and japonicum causing hepatic and intestinal signs
    2. Haematobium causing urinary dysfunction.
Investigations
1. Cytoscopy
2. Imaging
  1. KUB X-ray
  2. IVP
  3. Retrograde pylogram
3. Urine cytology
4. Biopsy
5. Urinalysis
6. Culture sensitivity test
Affects the urinary bladder
1. Anatomy of urinary bladder
  1. Blood supply
    1. Superior vesical
    2. Middle vesical
    3. Inferior vesical
  2. Picture
2. Histology of urinary bladder
  1. Layers
    1. Transitional epithelium
      1. Lamina propria
        Detrusor
        Adventetia (with fat cells)
  2. Urothelium
    1. Distended
    2. Empty
3. Physiology of renal tubules
  1. Phases of micturition
    1. Filling stage
      1. Micturition reflex (emptying)
Epidemiology
1. 9th most common malignancy worldwide
2. Men are more than four times more susceptible to bladder cancer
Treatment and management
1. Superficial lesions
  1. Endoscopic removal with intra-vesical therapy
2. Metastatic
  1. Chemotherapy
    1. Cisplatin
    2. Paclitaxel
    3. Gemcitabine
3. Invasive disease
  1. Cystectomy with chemotherapy

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Bladder cancer

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	Criado por fatima alkhateeb mais de 6 anos atrás