132782
Animal Behaviour
- Innate Behaviour
- What is innate
behaviour?
- A behaviour that an animal is
capable of from birth without any
learning or practice.
- Must be
genetically
based
- Behaviours appear to be very inflexible
- Often these behaviours may be
slightly modified in individuals by
some elements of learning
- E.g. Courtship
- E.g. Nesting
- E.g. Food
selection
behaviour
- E.g. Courtship
- Often these behaviours may be
slightly modified in individuals by
some elements of learning
- A behaviour that an animal is
capable of from birth without any
learning or practice.
- Advantages of innate behaviour
- Only a few neurones are
required
- Useful for organisms
that have a short live
span
- Provides immediate
survival to the young
- Doesn't need to be learned
- Likely to be appropriate to the individuals
environment because the alleles controlling it
are likely to have been subject to natural
selection
- Only a few neurones are
required
- Examples of
innate behaviour
- Escape Reflexes
- Determined by a pattern of
neurones between receptors and
effectors.
- Automatic (involuntary),
fast, protective
movements in response
to a stimulus.
- Touching sensitive
nerves with wide
axons. This leads to
a sudden muscle
contraction.
- Touching sensitive
nerves with wide
axons. This leads to
a sudden muscle
contraction.
- Automatic (involuntary),
fast, protective
movements in response
to a stimulus.
- Determined by a pattern of
neurones between receptors and
effectors.
- Taxes
- Movement related to
direction of stimulus (away
from or towards)
- Movement related to
direction of stimulus (away
from or towards)
- Kineses
- Rate of movement
modified by external
stimulus
- Related to intensity of
the stimulus
- Related to intensity of
the stimulus
- Random movement
- Rate of movement
modified by external
stimulus
- Escape Reflexes
- What is innate
behaviour?
- Learned
Behaviour
- What is learned behaviour?
- An ability to change behaviour in
response to some change in the
environment.
- The experience is retained
and used to modify
behaviour in the future.
- Aids survival by saving
energy needed for growth.
- Best when life is longer
- An ability to change behaviour in
response to some change in the
environment.
- Examples of learned
behaviour
- Habituation
- Avoids wasting energy in response
to non-harmful stimuli
- Repeated application of
a stimulus results in
decreased
responsiveness
- A snail touching a
leaf with its
antennae
- Each time the snail touches
the leaf it will not respond
protectively and it will
re-emerge from its shell more
quickly.
- Each time the snail touches
the leaf it will not respond
protectively and it will
re-emerge from its shell more
quickly.
- Avoids wasting energy in response
to non-harmful stimuli
- Imprinting
- Survival skills learned from
parent in receptive period
after birth
- Causes young animal to form a more or less
permanent attachment with a larger, moving
object.
- Causes young animal to form a more or less
permanent attachment with a larger, moving
object.
- Survival skills learned from
parent in receptive period
after birth
- Classical
Conditioning
- Recognising the link between
stimuli and responding to one
stimulus in anticipation of the
other stimulus
- Pavlov's Salivating Dogs and the metronome
- Centred on involuntary, automatic
behaviours (i.e. salivating).
- Centred on involuntary, automatic
behaviours (i.e. salivating).
- Pavlov's Salivating Dogs and the metronome
- Recognising the link between
stimuli and responding to one
stimulus in anticipation of the
other stimulus
- Operant
Conditioning
- Voluntary behaviour (i.e.
smiling) associated with
rewards or sanctions
- Links an operation
(e,g, pressing a lever)
with a reward such as
food
- E.g. Seen in rats and
pigeons in a 'Skinner
Box'
- Trial-and-error
learning
- E.g. Seen in rats and
pigeons in a 'Skinner
Box'
- Links an operation
(e,g, pressing a lever)
with a reward such as
food
- Voluntary behaviour (i.e.
smiling) associated with
rewards or sanctions
- Habituation
- What is learned behaviour?
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