Inter-War Spain and Spanish Civil War

Fall of Monarchy & Prime de Rivera (28-30)
1. Alfonso XIII
  1. Against modernisation
  2. Post WW1 depression
  3. 12 gvmts
    1. 1918-23
  4. Defeat in Morocco
  5. Pressure on King
    1. did not resist R's coup in 23
      1. military defeats
2. Rivera
  1. Tried to create auth r wing regime
    1. undermined monarchy
  2. Policies
    1. infrastucture programs
    2. ind. production developed
    3. ended war in M
    4. Ran up massive debts
      1. worsened by WSC
  3. Opposition
    1. l-wing
      1. Socialists
        wanted solve issues through discussion
        Socialist trade union
        UGT
      2. Anarchists
        more violent solutions
        their t. union called CNT
      3. Split by Rivera
        Allowed
        Banned
        Created hostility
  4. Problems
    1. econ not reformed
    2. no land reform
      1. peasants
    3. withdrew
      1. Catalonian rights
    4. Alienated
      1. Poor
      2. Landowners
      3. army
    5. Resigned 1930
      1. Elections
        showed support
        republicans
        liberals
        socialists
        Alfonso abdicated
        C + army didn't try to save
        2nd republic declared
Left Republic (31-33)
1. Elections
  1. left/c left won
    1. Azana president
2. Reforms
  1. Attempt seperate C + state
    1. Abolished C's role in education
  2. Army
    1. reduced size
    2. Offered full-pay retirement
      1. 50% left
      2. those that stayed now cons./nationalistic
        radicalised army
  3. Catalonia
    1. given parliament
    2. angered r. wing
  4. allowed l reform for peasants
  5. Backfired
    1. Depression
      1. fall in agr prices
      2. peasant unemployed incr
      3. iron/stell production fell
    2. l reform
      1. land redistribution program
        Law of 1932
        enabled state takeover of estates
        gmvt didn't have enough money
        only 7k families benefited
        key failure
    3. Civil unrest
      1. dealt with brutality
        assault guard
    4. New party
      1. CEDA
      2. defend
        church
        landowners
      3. 1933
        Gil-Robels
    5. Anarchists
      1. Jan 1933
        A set fire to homes
        25 died
        loss support of socialists
        A resigned
Right Republic (33-36)
1. CEDA
  1. Gil-Robels
2. Bienio Negro
  1. reversed l reform
  2. Violent repression]
    1. anarchist uprising
      1. 1934
      2. army
    2. increased chance of war?
3. Church
  1. regained control of education
4. Catalonia
  1. Attempted proclaim autonomy
    1. failed
    2. Basques now support left too
5. Auth approach
  1. left unite
6. collapse
  1. financial instability
  2. Popular front win
    1. l-wing
    2. Azana regained power
      1. Wanted restart reforms
      2. No polit. consensus
        Caballero's socialist didn't join gvmt
        Right
        didn't accept reform
        Anarchists
        encouraged
        p seize land
        violence
        May 1936
        CNT called general strike
CW: Immediate Causes
1. L won 1936 elections
  1. Gil-Robels
    1. funded military coup
      1. Catalyst
        murder of popular CEDA leader
        July
      2. Date set 18th
      3. Made contact
        Farlange
        Carlists
      4. Discovered
        Started early on 17th
        Morocco
        Spread to mainland
        successful N. Spain/Andalusia
        not in industrial areas
        stalemate
2. Politically polarised
  1. Fascists
  2. communists
CW: Course
1. 1936
  1. Nationalists hoped to take over in weeks
    1. 1/2 army loyal to republic
    2. August
      1. N controlled most N
        failure to capture M
        prolonged war
        Called off offensive in Nov
      2. R controlled most S
    3. Foreign Aid
      1. B + F
        non-intervention
        favoured N
        blocked purchase f goods
        republicans
      2. G + I
        financial + material aid
        G
        transport planes
        F troops
        M => S
      3. SU
        less aid
        exchange for most S gold reserves
        inflation
  2. Oct
    1. F appointed head of N
2. 1937
  1. Feb
    1. N began offensive
      1. Jarama
      2. Guadalajara
      3. Aim of capturing M
      4. both failed
        massive casulaties
  2. Mar
    1. N attacked B Country
      1. A
        Guernica bombed by G planes
        B morale fell
        industry in hands of N
  3. Apr
    1. F merged Carlists, Nationalists etc.
      1. unity
        R divided
        May
        comm fought anarchists
3. 1938
  1. APril
    1. Nationalists reach Mediterranean
      1. R Spain in 1/2
        Catalonia isolated
4. 1939
  1. Collapsed during first 3 months
    1. Jan
      1. Barcelona
    2. Mar
      1. Madrid
    3. Apr
      1. F declares end of war
CW: Foreign intervention
1. G + I
  1. didn't want another comm gov
  2. G
    1. 16k men
    2. 200 tanks
    3. 600 planes
      1. Condor legion
        most efficient + influential help N received
        air superiority decisive
      2. transport F's troops
    4. Testing ground for WW2
      1. new planes/tanks
      2. Blitzkreig tactics
    5. enhance military reputation
      1. glory
  3. I
    1. 75k men
    2. 150 tanks
    3. 660 aircraft
    4. Sent more but not as influential
  4. strengthened alliance
  5. encouraged aggressive f policy
2. R support
  1. F + B
    1. Non-intervention
      1. tried convince nobody support either belligerent
        prevent R gaining arms openly
      2. US also followed
      3. division with USSR
      4. Non Intervening Pact (36)
        G + i ignored
  2. USSR
    1. 2.5k men
    2. 1k planes
    3. 900 tanks
    4. ideological reasons
    5. Withdrew 1938
    6. limited support
  3. I brigades
    1. justified involvement after massacres e.g. Guernica
    2. 50k
      1. mainly communists
      2. freedom, democracy
    3. Withdrew Oct 1938
      1. end of int support for republicans
    4. relatively weak
CW: Other reasons for N victory
1. Weak R military + eccon
  1. N
    1. expertise
      1. Morocco
    2. had Africanists
  2. R
    1. Military Leadership
      1. not clearly
        defined
        experienced
    2. Lacked
      1. cohesion
      2. organisation
  3. Econ
    1. N
      1. large amount agr land
      2. trade with allied nations
    2. R
      1. blockade
        couldn't import
        resources
        food
        military supplies
      2. Dried up gold reserves
        USSR
2. Internal division
  1. Left groups
    1. Communists
    2. Socialists
    3. Anarchists
    4. same side not same cause
      1. e.g. May Days '37
        street fighting against one another in B
  2. POUM (marxists)
  3. CNT
  4. Vastly different beliefs
    1. if won wouldn't agree on how to run country
3. Beever
  1. Part of int civil war which started with RR
CW: LT Causes
1. Regional
  1. Socio-Econ
    1. S
      1. econ backwards
      2. low literacy rates
      3. large gap
        rich
        poor
        no support from C
        looked to anarchists
        land redistribution
      4. 2/3 pop peasants working on latifundia
      5. Issues
        Work
        seasonal
        lot migration
        poor condition
        rioting in countryside
        civil guard supressed
      6. WW1 econ boom
        neutral
        followed by inflation :(
  2. N
    1. more industry
  3. Struggle
    1. centralist gvmt
    2. BC + C
      1. wanted independence
2. Political instability
  1. weak of gvmt
    1. const. monarchy
    2. King appointed PM
      1. Pm commanded Cortes
    3. elections
      1. Male pop
      2. corrupt
      3. real power
        wealthy oligarchs
  2. Spanish army
    1. Powerful
      1. imperial past
        often intervened politics
    2. Unpopular
      1. brutality
    3. Ineeffective
      1. lost colonial empire
        e.g. Cuba 1898 to US
  3. Church
    1. rich + powerful
      1. state guaranteed role in education
      2. wealth
        intervene in politics
        opposed modernization
        conservative
      3. resentment among poor
  4. Political opposition
    1. Liberals
      1. supported revolution
        1931
    2. Small comm party
    3. Anarchists
      1. CNT
  5. Socialists
    1. PSOE
    2. urban areas
    3. UGT
      1. strikes/protests
    4. Moderates
      1. Prieto
    5. Radicals
      1. Caballero

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Inter-War Spain and Spanish Civil War

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	Criado por Ethan Shannon-Craven mais de 6 anos atrás