What Led Elizabeth to Explore

Expanding Trade
1. relying just on Antwerp is not ideal, especially after the Trade Embargo of 1563 and the ongoing troubles with Spain and the Netherlands
  1. Bad relations hit the wool and cloth trade hard, eng relied on these exports
2. John Hawkins and Drakes Reports
  1. suggested there was an abundance of different crops, animal skins and precious metals
3. Funding?
  1. Elizabeth and her courtiers invested their own money into these voyages, whilst risky, the rewards were huge!
    1. Spain rich due to silver mines in peru and exports of sugar can and tobacco
  2. Elizabeth was sure that there would be much to discover further into America, where there had been little exploration
Triangle Trade
1. John Hawkins
  1. Knighted for his efforts against the Armada, but also his influence as a navigator, slave trader, and the English Navy
    1. advising Elizabeth to build smaller more manoeuvrable ships
  2. bought slaves from arfica and sold them to spainsh colonists
    1. bought back ginger, animal hides, sugar and pearls
    2. made huge profit for himself and investors
  3. 1561-62
2. North-West Passage
  1. belief faster route via north ameria to pacific and far east
  2. search for this route was another driving force
    1. explorers found out much more about n.american coastline
Adventure
1. Books
  1. accounts of voyages to usa and treasures to be found persuaded people
2. Many young Elizabethans, especially from the Gentry and nobility, went on voyages of discovery in the hopes of making their fortunes and adventure
New Technology
1. Navigation
  1. much more precise with a much simpler way of using the sun to calculate the sailing direction of a ship
    1. Astrolobes
    2. Quadrant
    3. leading to much safer and faster voyages
    4. journeys were recorded and printed using printing press for others to follow
2. Maps
  1. Improved navigation and records of voyages led to more accurate maps
    1. more realistic to plan voyages and printing press standardised maps
      1. reduce mistakes
  2. Mercator Map
    1. used longitude and latitude to accurately plot where lands were
Ships
1. Larger more stable ships
  1. longer journeys
  2. carry more cargo
2. Bows and sterns
  1. lower on these new ships making them more stable in rough seas
3. masts and sails
  1. Faster more manoeuvrable ships due to different sail types
  2. longer, faster and more accurate voyages
4. canon technology
  1. Better fire power for good defences against piracy and the Spanish
Drakes Circumnavigation of the Globe
1. 3 years
  1. 1577-80
2. Knighted by Queen
3. Why
  1. To raid Spanish colonies in the Pacific and break their monopolies
  2. Revenge on the Spanish following a violent attack on Drake and Hawkins earlier
    1. in 1568 at St Juan de Ulua, killing 325 of their sailors returning home with only 15 left
  3. Make profits for himself and courtiers, many were willing to invest in him
    1. In the end, Drake returned with £400,000+ (Half a billion £ today)
4. Significance
  1. England became famous as a great sea-faring nation,
    1. executed Thomas Doughty(captain) for accusation of mutiny
    2. 5 ships-> 1 ship(Golden Hind)
      1. 56 survivers
  2. First ever English circumnavigation of the globe (2nd crew in the world) boosting English morale
    1. Also boosted confidence that a Spanish attack could be defeated
  3. Gathered a lot of information about the Americas, useful for the attempted colonisations being planned
  4. Stories of the explorers encouraged others to go on voyages
    1. Davy Ingram
      1. he told fantastical tales about great wealth and buckets of silver and gold, fertile soil, red sheep and rabbit
      2. ritual cannibalism practised by Native american, killed and ate their sick
        friendly to visitors
  5. Nova Albion (California today)
    1. 1579 Golden HInd need repair
      1. landed in bay
        Native americans treated english with great hospitality
        perform ceremony , drake thought same as coronation
        first place “claimed” in the name of Elizabeth as an English colony
        elizabeth didnt recognise agreement made by pope cent. ago
        Gave the Americas to the Spanish and Portuguese
        Indians rights were not considered
        Peaceful welcome encouraged idea that europeans could settle and even rule
  6. Anglo-Spanish Relations Damaged
    1. Drake being knighted on Golden HInd angered Spain
      1. sent clear message to Phillip , he regarded drake to be a pirate
        elizabeths action was scandalous

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