Biodiversity & Evolution

Anotações:

• Biodiversity found in genes, species, ecosystems, and ecosystem processes is vital to sustaining life on earth.

1. Diversity f(SEG)
   1. Genetic

      Anotações:

      • The variety of genetic material within a species or a population.
   2. Ecological

      Anotações:

      • The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth.
   3. Funtional

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      • The biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and ecosystems.
   4. Species

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      • The number and abundance of species present in different communities
2. Evolution
   1. Natural Selection<VHR>
      1. Variability

         Anotações:

         • – mutations –Random changes in DNA molecules in genes –Can occur spontaneously –External agents: radiation
      2. Heritability
      3. Reproduction
      4. Adaptive

         Anotações:

         • genetically favorable traits that increase the probability to survive and reproduce
3. Geological CCAE

   Anotações:

   • CCAE - Climate Changes Affect Evolution
   1. location

      Anotações:

      • Locations of continents and oceans determine earth’s climate (tectonic plate movement)
   2. move & adapt

      Anotações:

      • Movement of continents allow species to move and adapt
   3. earthquake & volcano

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      • Earthquakes and volcanoes affect biological evolution by separating populations of a species and allowing new species to develop
4. Speciation
   1. Geographic
   2. Reproductive

      Anotações:

      • through mutation and natural selection in two geographically isolated populations
5. Extinction(BBLM)
   1. Biological

      Anotações:

      • Entire species gone
   2. Background

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      • local environmental condition change, certain number of species disappear at slow ratevulnerable to extinction
   3. Local

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      • –All members of a species in a specific area gone –Endemic species vulnerable to extinction
   4. Massive

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      • abrupt rise -- catastrophic, wide-spread –Earth took millions of years to recover from previous mass extinctions –Balance between speciation and extinction determines biodiversity of earth
6. Niche

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   • • Species occupy unique niches and play specific roles in an ecosystem The role it play in energy flow and matter cycling • Includes everything required for survival and reproduction –Water, Sunlight, Space, Temperatures, Food requirement
   1. rule of life
   2. nanospegen species
      1. generalist

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         • broad niche, live in many different places, eat variety of food, tolerate wide range of environmental conditions
      2. Specialist

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         • narrow niche, live only one type of habitat, eat one/few type of food, tolerate narrow range of climate, easy to extinct
      3. non-native

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         • –Spread in new, suitable niches –Killer Bee (wild African bee in Brazil)
      4. native

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         • normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem.
      5. richness

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         • Species richness declines towards poles
      6. evenness

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         • fixed  number of species for normality of biodiversity
   3. FINK species
      1. Foundation

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         • •Create habitats and ecosystems •Beavers •Elephants - uproot trees and promotes growth of grasses for smaller grazing species •Seed dispersers - regenerate deforested area by depositing plant seeds in their droppings
      2. Indicator

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         • •Species that serve as early warning of damage to a community or an ecosystem •Early warning system •Fish -for water pollution •Birds •Butterflies •Amphibians
      3. Keystone

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         • •Significant role in the food web: large affect on types and abundances of other species in an ecosystem •Elimination may alter structure and/or function of ecosystem and may cause extinction •Pollinators –pollination of flowering plants by bees, bats, and birds •Top predators – control population
7. Technical term

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   • Resource partitioning - the process whereby similar species exploit the limited resources in an ecological area without one species driving the others into extinction Biomes-Terrestrial region chracterized b certain types of vegetation and other forms of lifeTrait – heritable and lead to differential reproductionDeciduous-forest shed color seasonallyPetrify - wood change to rockMoth - night-time butterflytectonic - related to earth-crust
8. concept

   Anotações:

   • •Populations evolve when genes mutate and give some individuals genetic traits that enhance their abilities to survive and to produce offspring with these traits (natural selection). •Human activities are decreasing the earth’s vital biodiversity by causing the premature extinction of species and by disrupting habitats needed for the development of new species. •Each species plays a specific ecological role in the ecosystem where it is found (ecological niche).