Mechanisms

Mechanisms

Free Radical Substitution
1. Initiation
  1. UV light or +300C causes the covalent bond to break (fission).
    1. Hetrolytic Fission is unequal splitting of the electrons due to 2 different elements ( EG; H-Cl )
    2. Homolytic Fission is equal splitting of the electrons due to 2 identical elements ( EG: Cl-Cl )
  2. This forms 2 Radicals
  3. After initiation the reaction doesn't require any more energy input
2. Propagation
  1. In this case, the Chlorine Radical reacts with the methane,
  2. Forming HCl and a Methyl Radical
  3. Which then splits another Chlorine Molecule into 2 Radicals
3. Termination
  1. This is when 2 Radicals bond to form a compound or molecule only
  2. No new radicals are formed
4. This reaction can produce Haloalkanes
Elimination
1. Conditions needed:
  1. High Temperatures
  2. Concentrated Hydroxide Ions
  3. Ethanol as the solvent
2. This reaction causes Haloalkanes to turn into a Water molecule, a Halogen Ion and an Alkene
Electrophilic Addition
1. Can change Alkenes to Haloalkanes
2. An Electrophile is a species than can accept a pair of electrons
3. The Pi bond is broken when the electrophile gets close to it
4. A Di-Halogen Alkane is formed is a Halogen molecule is the electrophile
Nucleophilic Substitution
1. A Nucleophile is a species that is attracted to an electron defiecient centre, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a dative bond
2. Conditions needed:
  1. warm temperatures
  2. Aqueous Nucleophile ions
  3. Dilute Solutions
3. Hydroxide ions and Haloalkanes form Alcohols
4. Cyanide Ions and Haloalkanes form Nitrilles
5. Excess Ammonia and Haloalkanes form Amines

Próximo

Descrição

Resumo de Recurso

Anexos de mídia

Semelhante

	Criado por Daniel Scutt mais de 9 anos atrás