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Mapa Mental por stephanie hanson, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por stephanie hanson
mais de 9 anos atrás
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Edward IV's
First Reign
1461 - 1469
- The nobility
- Employmeent, patronage and
reward for nobles of both factions
- Used the titles, offices and
estates from 13 peers and 100
well-off gentry that had been
attainted
- created and bestowed 22
noble titles to bolster a
depleted peerage and reward
supporters.
- This wasn't
effective as a title
didn't necessarily
bring land and
therefore wasn't
viewed as a
sufficient reward.
- This wasn't
effective as a title
didn't necessarily
bring land and
therefore wasn't
viewed as a
sufficient reward.
- Principle beneficiaries
- Edward's
brothers
- George >
Duke of
Clarence
- endowed with lands to the value of £3660
and offices with a combined salary of £650
- Despite this
Clarence
became
alientated.
- resented Woodville
marriage and
influence at court
- Turned to
Warwick for
support
- Turned to
Warwick for
support
- irritated by the
Woodvilles
cornering the
marriage market
- resented Woodville
marriage and
influence at court
- Despite this
Clarence
became
alientated.
- endowed with lands to the value of £3660
and offices with a combined salary of £650
- Richard > Duke
of Gloucester
- George >
Duke of
Clarence
- The Nevilles
- William, Lord Fauconberg > Earl of Kent
- John, Lord Montagu > Earldom of Northumberland
- George > Archbishop of York
- Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick >
UNPARELLELED POWER IN THE NORTH,
VIRTUALLY RULING AS EDWARD'S VICEROY
- Captainship of Calais
- Constableship of Dover Castle
- Wardenship of Cinque Ports
- Admiralship of England and Ireland
- Wardenship of
the eastern and
western
Marches on the
Scottish border
- Captainship of Calais
- William, Lord Fauconberg > Earl of Kent
- The Woodvilles
- Richard Woodville, Elizabeth
Woodville's father > Earl Rivers
- Antony, Elizabeth Woodville's
brother > Lord Scales,
considerable influence at court
- Richard Woodville, Elizabeth
Woodville's father > Earl Rivers
- Favoured
individuals
- Sir William Herbert > Earl of
Pembroke, EFFECTIVELY
EDWARD'S VICEROY IN WALES
- William, Lord
Hastings >
Chamberlain of the
Royal Household
- Favoured inner circle
was very similar to
H6's court, thus
resentment occurred
at his deposition from
the throne was
inevitable, showing his
failings at reconciling
all the nobility.
- Sir William Herbert > Earl of
Pembroke, EFFECTIVELY
EDWARD'S VICEROY IN WALES
- Edward's
brothers
- Used the titles, offices and
estates from 13 peers and 100
well-off gentry that had been
attainted
- Pardon and reconciliation
for Lancastrians
- tried to broaden government so
as to include former Lancastrians
- E4 was
liberal with
pardons,
- Executed in 1646 after
rebelling against E4 at
the battle of Hexham
(15th May 1464)
- This shows E4 wasn't
successful and
pardoned the wrong
people, HOWEVER he
didn't have any other
real choice as he
couldn't get rid of all
Lancastrians as he
didn't have enough
support
- This shows E4 wasn't
successful and
pardoned the wrong
people, HOWEVER he
didn't have any other
real choice as he
couldn't get rid of all
Lancastrians as he
didn't have enough
support
- Executed in 1646 after
rebelling against E4 at
the battle of Hexham
(15th May 1464)
- Ralph Percy, the
Lancastrian steward
of Dunstanburgh
Castle was allowed to
keep his position
- HOWEVER he then rebelled, opening
the castle gates to MoA in 1462 and
1463.
- HOWEVER he then rebelled, opening
the castle gates to MoA in 1462 and
1463.
- extended a full pardon to
the Beauforts.
- Henry Beaufort (Somerset) > lands
and honours restored in 1463
- Henry Beaufort (Somerset) > lands
and honours restored in 1463
- tried to broaden government so
as to include former Lancastrians
- Employmeent, patronage and
reward for nobles of both factions
- The Earl of Warwick
- Recieved his title from his
father-in-law, and became an
extremely wealthy noble.
- Supported Richard of
York and E4's claim to
the throne
- Took part in the battle of
St Albans (1455) and the
Loveday procession
(1458)
- Took part in the battle of
St Albans (1455) and the
Loveday procession
(1458)
- Became E4's main advisor
- Became annoyed when E4 married
Elizabeth Woodville and later formed
an alliance with Burgundy without
telling him
- This was because WWK had been trying
to broker a marriage alliance and therefore
treaty with France and E4 marrying without
telling WWK embarrassed him
- This was because WWK had been trying
to broker a marriage alliance and therefore
treaty with France and E4 marrying without
telling WWK embarrassed him
- Became annoyed when E4 married
Elizabeth Woodville and later formed
an alliance with Burgundy without
telling him
- Supported Richard of
York and E4's claim to
the throne
- Known as the Kingmaker
at the time, even in
foreign countries
Warwick was seen as the
power behind the throne
- Historians nowdays
agreed that E4 and
Warwick were more
in partnership than
alledged.
- Historians nowdays
agreed that E4 and
Warwick were more
in partnership than
alledged.
- Recieved his title from his
father-in-law, and became an
extremely wealthy noble.
- Warwick's
rebellion and
the restoration
of Henry VI
- Unlike WotR was between
two halves of the same side
- Began in April 1469 when two
seperate WWK inspired
rebellions broke out
- WWK hoped this would
keep E4 busy in North
- WWK and
Clarence
escaped to
Calais where
they plotted an
uprising
- To cement the alliance
Clarence was married to
WWK's daughter, a
match forbidden by E4
- Issued a
similar
manifesto as
the one issued
to H6 blaming
the king's 'evil
councillors'
NOT THE KING
- Returned
to
England in
July 1469
- Edward sent Earls of
Pembroke and Devon to fight
- 26th July 1469 - WWK
and Clarence
defeated Pembroke
at Edgecote
- On hearing the news
E4's badly paid army
fled and E4 escaped
but was captured by
WWK
- WWK's attempt to
govern the kingdom
failed and he was forced
to release E4 due to
economic crisises
- WWK tried to encourage a
rebellion in March 1470 to get rid of
E4 = Losecote Field Battle
- 12th March 1470
- Losecote Field
battle under Sir
Robert Welles in
Lincolnshire, E4
beat them
- WWK & Clarence
fled to France, Louis
XI managed to
persuade them to
reconcile with MoA
- Moa & H6's son was married
to WWK's daughter Ann
- Septermber 1470 WWK returned to England
- E4 was distracted at the time and with the betrayal of WWK's brother
Montagu he had no choice but to flee with Clarence to Burgundy
- H6 was released and briefly put back on the throne
- WWK & MoA helped L11 when he attacked Burgundy as they'd agreed
- This lost WWK the
support of
parliament who
hadn't agreed to
the war
- Duke of
Burgundy then
gave E4 50,000
crowns to return
to England
- E4 returned from Burgundy March 1470
and set about recruiting an army
- Clarence joined
him as he realised
he had no hope of
the throne with
WWK
- 14th April 1471 - WWK
was the killed at the Battle
of Barnet, E4 won the battle
- 4th May 1471 - E4 won the Battle of Tewkesbury
- MoA & H6's son, Prince
Edward was killed
- Duke of Somerset Killed
- MoA fled but
was then
captured
- Weeks after the Battle H6
was died - presumably
murdered to end the wars
- Jasper Tudor and Henry, Earl of
Richmond (future King H7) fled
abroad meaning E4 didn't ahve
control of the last lancastrian
claimant
- MoA & H6's son, Prince
Edward was killed
- 4th May 1471 - E4 won the Battle of Tewkesbury
- 14th April 1471 - WWK
was the killed at the Battle
of Barnet, E4 won the battle
- Clarence joined
him as he realised
he had no hope of
the throne with
WWK
- E4 returned from Burgundy March 1470
and set about recruiting an army
- This lost WWK the
support of
parliament who
hadn't agreed to
the war
- WWK & MoA helped L11 when he attacked Burgundy as they'd agreed
- H6 was released and briefly put back on the throne
- E4 was distracted at the time and with the betrayal of WWK's brother
Montagu he had no choice but to flee with Clarence to Burgundy
- L11 wanted the english to
support him when he attacked
Burgundy, E4 wouldn't agree to
this but H6 might so putting
him back in power was the
answer
- Moa & H6's son was married
to WWK's daughter Ann
- WWK & Clarence
fled to France, Louis
XI managed to
persuade them to
reconcile with MoA
- 12th March 1470
- Losecote Field
battle under Sir
Robert Welles in
Lincolnshire, E4
beat them
- WWK tried to encourage a
rebellion in March 1470 to get rid of
E4 = Losecote Field Battle
- WWK's attempt to
govern the kingdom
failed and he was forced
to release E4 due to
economic crisises
- On hearing the news
E4's badly paid army
fled and E4 escaped
but was captured by
WWK
- 26th July 1469 - WWK
and Clarence
defeated Pembroke
at Edgecote
- Edward sent Earls of
Pembroke and Devon to fight
- Returned
to
England in
July 1469
- To cement the alliance
Clarence was married to
WWK's daughter, a
match forbidden by E4
- WWK and
Clarence
escaped to
Calais where
they plotted an
uprising
- WWK hoped this would
keep E4 busy in North
- Began in April 1469 when two
seperate WWK inspired
rebellions broke out
- Unlike WotR was between
two halves of the same side
- Consolidation
of Yorkist
power
- Lancastrian enemies
concentrated their power
in Northumberland and
were sustained by
Scottish and French help.
- There were invasion
scares on the south
coast and disturbances
occurred in several
parts of the kingdom
- E4 allowed Warwick to
deal with Lancastrian
based Scottish invasions
- This allowed him
to focus his
attentions on
consolidating
support in London
and governmental
control.
- This allowed him
to focus his
attentions on
consolidating
support in London
and governmental
control.
- E4 allowed Warwick to
deal with Lancastrian
based Scottish invasions
- Early in 1464 H6
and MoA
returned to rally
their support in
the North
- Sir Ralph Percy marched
with H6 and MoA with a
largely French-financed
army of Scottish and
French mecenaries
- E4 responded by
sending an army north
under the command of
Lord Montagu (Warwick's
younger brother)
- Hedgley Moor 25th April 1464, the
Lancastrians were soundly beated
and Percy killed, Somerset escaped
- At Hexham -15th May 1464,
Montagu captured and
executed Somerset.
- MoA and her
son Prince E
fled to France
- H6 went on the run
- H6 was captured in
Lancashire in 1465 and
imprisoned in the tower
- Although able to put down
rebellions E4 was forced to
raise taxes and being unable
to bring peace turned some
people against him.
- Although able to put down
rebellions E4 was forced to
raise taxes and being unable
to bring peace turned some
people against him.
- H6 was captured in
Lancashire in 1465 and
imprisoned in the tower
- MoA and her
son Prince E
fled to France
- At Hexham -15th May 1464,
Montagu captured and
executed Somerset.
- Hedgley Moor 25th April 1464, the
Lancastrians were soundly beated
and Percy killed, Somerset escaped
- E4 responded by
sending an army north
under the command of
Lord Montagu (Warwick's
younger brother)
- Sir Ralph Percy marched
with H6 and MoA with a
largely French-financed
army of Scottish and
French mecenaries
- Foreign Policy
- E4 had to
legitimise his rule
in the eyes of
foreign powers to
stop them
supporting H6
- In 1463 E4
gained a truce
from the French
that promised
the wouldn't
support H6
- Success
demonstrated in
1465 when Henry
was found and
arrested leaving
his heir in France.
- Success
demonstrated in
1465 when Henry
was found and
arrested leaving
his heir in France.
- In 1464 a 15 year
truce was agreed
with the Scots,
bringing peace to
the border regions.
- 1468 Married his
sister to the
Duke of
Burgundy to
open up trade
opportunities.
- In 1463 E4
gained a truce
from the French
that promised
the wouldn't
support H6
- E4 had to
legitimise his rule
in the eyes of
foreign powers to
stop them
supporting H6
- Close noble
supporters
rewarded
- Warwick made
Captain of Calais
- Lord
Montagu
taking
charge of the
north region
- Warwick made
Captain of Calais
- Lancastrian enemies
concentrated their power
in Northumberland and
were sustained by
Scottish and French help.
- The
restoration
of order
- re-established the
King's role in the
judicial system.
- Went on a major judicial
progress in 1464 to witness
trials, ensuring proper justice
- Edward was willing
to intervene in
major breeches of
peace e.g between
Nobles as he knew
this could escalate
to feuding.
- Set up special
commissions headed
by multiple magnates
who would try and
mediate to solve the
dispute.
- This was successful
as it gave prestige to
the magnates
cheaply and also
increased the
chances of a
resolution
- This was successful
as it gave prestige to
the magnates
cheaply and also
increased the
chances of a
resolution
- Set up special
commissions headed
by multiple magnates
who would try and
mediate to solve the
dispute.
- Edward was willing
to intervene in
major breeches of
peace e.g between
Nobles as he knew
this could escalate
to feuding.
- Went on a major judicial
progress in 1464 to witness
trials, ensuring proper justice
- Increased the
powers of JP's
- Moved the
right to try
criminals away
from corrupt
Sheriffs to the
JP's
- As JP's came from the lower
gentry the power of Nobles over
law and order was reduced
making the system fairer.
- As JP's came from the lower
gentry the power of Nobles over
law and order was reduced
making the system fairer.
- Moved the
right to try
criminals away
from corrupt
Sheriffs to the
JP's
- E4 did not want to
take all power
from the Magnates
- He used them
to control
violence and
disorder
- Because they were useful to
him for keeping law and
order E4 allowed the Nobles
to exploit the system as long
as he was not threatened by
it.
- Because they were useful to
him for keeping law and
order E4 allowed the Nobles
to exploit the system as long
as he was not threatened by
it.
- He used them
to control
violence and
disorder
- 1468 law that banned
retaining unless legal agents
and household servants
- Never
enforced
- Never
enforced
- E4 also punished Nobles who
stepped out of line to try and
stop the idea of rebellion
- re-established the
King's role in the
judicial system.
- Financial Policy
- When E4 became
king finance was
dealt with by the
Exchequer, which
was inefficent
- Exchequer was
not removed but
its responsibilities
were moved.
- Retaining
- Retaining
- Exchequer was
not removed but
its responsibilities
were moved.
- E4 switched
to the more
localised
system of
Chamber
- Having been raised as a
magnate E4 had plenty
of experience in this.
- The chamber
became the
major
financial
management.
- Income increased as a
result of the flexible
system
- Allowing E4 to maximise
revenue from existing sources.
This made him more popular.
- Allowing E4 to maximise
revenue from existing sources.
This made him more popular.
- Both R3 and H7
used this system
in their later
reigns showing it
must have been
successful.
- Income increased as a
result of the flexible
system
- E4 still struggled to
make money during
his 1st reign. This
was partially due to
the constant
warring.
- Abused legal
rights to gain
money
- In 1646 he called for a
gratuitous subsidy (the
Pope's tax) which he kept.
- This shows E4 was partially
unsuccessful as he had to steal the
Pope's money.
- This could be due to the fact E4 over-generously
rewarded Nobles giving them land he needed to raise
money on.
- This could be due to the fact E4 over-generously
rewarded Nobles giving them land he needed to raise
money on.
- This shows E4 was partially
unsuccessful as he had to steal the
Pope's money.
- In 1646 he called for a
gratuitous subsidy (the
Pope's tax) which he kept.
- Abused legal
rights to gain
money
- Having been raised as a
magnate E4 had plenty
of experience in this.
- E4 was given 4 times
as much money in
loans from London
Merchants during his
first reign than H6
- Suggesting E4
was successful
in increasing
confidence in
the crown's
finances
- Suggesting E4
was successful
in increasing
confidence in
the crown's
finances
- E4 passed 113 acts
of Attainder after his
first parliament.
- This should have gained him large
amount of land from previously
prominent Lancastrians.
- HOWEVER
- E4 reversed 30
acts in order to
try reconciliation
- E4 gave away large
amounts of the land he
gained thus decreasing his
available income.
- E4 reversed 30
acts in order to
try reconciliation
- HOWEVER
- This should have gained him large
amount of land from previously
prominent Lancastrians.
- E4 also took
the advantage
of Wardships
- When E4 became
king finance was
dealt with by the
Exchequer, which
was inefficent
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