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2855331
Three Cold War Crises
Descrição
International Relations, Section 5
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cold war
history
gcse
a level – history
gcse
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Three Cold War Crises
5.1: Berlin: A divided city, 1961
The situation in Berlin
Berlin = Source of conflict for the Allies
Contrast between high standard of living in the West + poverty in East
3 million people escaped from East to West Berlin 1946-60
Economic survival of East Germany at stake
Berlin Wall, 1961
All movement from East to West stopped
Immediate effects: flow of refugees reduced to a trickle + propaganda fail for the USSR and communism itself
Propaganda victory for USA
Berlin Wall symbol of division between capitalist West and communist East, 1960s-80s
Kennedy's response, 1963
Visited West Berlin
Declared the city was a symbol of the struggle between forces of freedom and communist world
5.2: Cuba: The world on the brink of war, 1962
Cuban Missile Crisis = most serious conflict between the USSR and the USA in history of Cold War
Castro and Cuba
CAUSES
Castro = Communist
Anotações:
Castro came to power in 1958.
USA had retaliated – cutting off aid, stop buying cotton, sugar, tobacco
Castro asked help from USSR
USSR keen on gaining influence in Cuba, close proximity to USA's coastline
Anotações:
Cuba less than 200km from USA's South-Eastern coastline.
In exchange for Cuba's sugar, they would provide them with machinery
1961, Kennedy alarmed at what he saw as Communist threat
American support to invasion of Cuba by rebels
Bay of Pigs, 1961
Was a disaster/failed
EVENTS
14 October 1962, US U2 spy plane located Soviet missile sites on Cuba.
US naval blockade on Cuba
US U2 spy plane shot down over Cuba
Attorney General Robert Kennedy proposed deal to USSR
Anotações:
The USA would withdraw missiles from Turkey as long as shooting of U2 spy plane was kept secret.
Khrushchev accepts deal
RESULTS
Major affect on superpower relations
USSR + USA realise that nuclear war had been possibility
Telephone hotline established – Direct communications between superpowers
Test Ban Treaty, 1963
Anotações:
Signed by Britain, USA + USSR.
5.3: Czechoslovakia: The prague spring, 1968
1967, Dubcek had become Communist Party Secretary in Czechoslovakia
Spring 1968, reforms:
Censorship of press ended
Other political parties allowed
Political prisoners released + Czech citizens granted greater freedom to travel abroad
Seen as major threat by new USSR leader, Brezhnev
Four months of freedom
Soviet reaction
EVENTS
August 1968, 400, 000 WTO troops entered Czechoslovakia
Arrested leading reformers + seized key cities
Dubcek resigned in 1969, replaced by Husak
The Brezhnev Doctrine
Force would be used whenever necessary to keep WTO countries under Soviet control
Showed Soviet leadership wouldn't accept reforms in WTO + rejection of Communism
Doctrine + Soviet actions in Czechoslovakia did nothing to improve relations between USA + USSR
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