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2995766
Chromosomes
Descrição
Mind Map of Topic 3.2 Chromsomes in Gentics chapter of IB Biology
Sem etiquetas
genetics
chromosomes
ib biology
ib biology
3 genetics
international baccalaureate
Mapa Mental por
tiasabs
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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tiasabs
aproximadamente 9 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
Chromosomes
Bacterial chromosomes
Prokaryotes
single circular DNA molecule
one chromosome
all genes needed for life
not associated with proteins - naked DNA
single copy of gene except cell division
Plasmids
in some prokaryotes
Eukaryotes don't have
small extra DNA molecules
circular; naked
contains few genes not necessary for life
not replicated at the same time or rate
copies can be transferred
can cross species barrier
released at death and absorbed by new cell
natural
artificially possible
Differences between chromosomes
diff. chromosomes carry diff. genes
length
position of centromere
at least two different types
different gene sequnece
Eukaryote chromosomes
linear DNA molecules
histone proteins
globular in shape
wider than DNA
many with DNA wound around
adjacent separated by short DNA stretches
made of DNA and proteins
Homologous chromosomes
same gene sequence but not alleles
allows species to interbreed
Haploid nuclei
one chromosome of each pair
one full set of chromosomes
gametes have it
Diploid nuclei
pairs of homologous chromosomes
two full sets of chromosomes
zygote has it
all cells except gametes are diploid
two copies of each gene
dominant allele prevents effects of recessive mutation
more vigorous organisms
Chromosome numbers
characteristic feature of species members
only same numbers can interbreed
can change due to evolution
rare and unlikely
Sex determination
by sex chromosomes
X chromosome
large
centromere near middle
all humans have at least one
females have 2
one passed on in egg cell
Y chromosome
smaller
centromere near end
one in males
SRY or TDF
autosomes
chromosomes that don't determine sex
half sperm have X; half have Y
sex determined at fertilization
Karyograms
shows chromosomes of organisms
homologous pairs
decreasing lengths
visible in cell in mitosis
clearest: metaphase
some stains - distinctive banding on diff. chromosomes
arranged in pairs by length
done manually before
now digital
micrograph taken of dividing cells
types distinguished by:
position of centromere
banding pattern
size/length
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