20th Century Ideas in Ireland

Irish Nationalism
1. Significant event
  1. Home Rule
    1. The Home Rule effectively symbolises the ideology and the beliefs of the Nationalists.
    2. During the 19th century the Nationalists in Parliament began to make steady progress towards achieving home rule
      1. In 1886 (in cooperation with the British Liberal Party) Charles Parnell brought a bill before the house of commons
        Knocked out in House of Lords (the first and second time it was presented)
    3. April 1912 a new bill was presented for Home Rule and it was accepted however without the outbreak of WW1 it was suspended and never got up and running after the war
    4. Home Rule was supported by Nationalists as it was seen as a stepping stone for an independent and united Ireland without using violence
2. Historical Figure
  1. Charles Stewart Parnell
    1. Irish Nationalist, member of the British parliament, leader of the Irish home rule struggle
    2. Elected to Parliament as part of the Home Rule League in 1875
      1. In 1879, Parnell was elected president of the newly founded National Land League
        By late 1881 he had become the accepted leader of the Irish Nationalist Movement
        Encouraged boycotts to influence land agents and landlords
        Consequently sent to jail
        March 1882, he negotiated an agreement with Gladstone 'the Kilmainham Treaty ' in which he urged his followers to avoid violence
        But this peaceful policy was severely challenged by the murder in May 1882 of two senior British officials in Phoenix Park in Dublin by members of an Irish terrorist group. Parnell condemned the murders.
    3. Charles Parnell was a significant individual who played a key role in shaping the Irish Nationalist movement and particularly their political and parliamentary involvement and developing a voice for the party.
3. Political, religious and ethnic beliefs
  1. Majority of Irish Nationalists are descendants of native Irish people
    1. consequently members of the catholic church
      1. Caused issues with Unionist and Loyalists (as they were predominantly Protestant)
    2. Conflict traced back to 17th century plantations, two separate hostile groups of people with differing ethnic beliefs created hostility within Ireland
    3. Love of Irish culture, history and language are common themes among the Nationalists, however movements by some of the party towards revitalising the more traditional Gaelic customs were prominent around the 19th which was taken on by more radical Nationalists.
  2. The resulting differing views, on politics, ethnicity and religion lead to past and present conflict
4. Political figures, parties, movements and paramilitary organisations
  1. Organisations
    1. Catholic Association
    2. Repeal Association
    3. Home Rule League
    4. Irish Nationalist Party
    5. Irish Volunteers
  2. Movements
    1. Home Rule Movement
    2. Catholic Emancipation
    3. Celtic Revival
  3. People
    1. Charles Parnell
    2. Daniel O'Conell
    3. Isaac Butt
    4. John Redmond
    5. Henry Grattan
5. Flags and symbols
  1. The green harp flag was first used by Irish Confederate troops in the Eleven Years War, and became the main symbol of Irish nationalism from the 17th to the early 20th century
6. Someone who believes in a United Ireland, achieved by consent and negotiations
Irish Republicanism
1. Flags & Symbols
  1. Symbol of the Irish Republican Army
2. Significant Event
  1. Easter Rising
    1. On Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, a group of Irish nationalists proclaimed the establishment of the Irish Republic and, along with some 1,600 followers, staged a rebellion against the British government in Ireland.
      1. Within a week, the insurrection had been suppressed and more than 2,000 people were dead or injured.
        Most of the public believed it to be the work if Sinn Fein however it had nothing to do with the party.
        Initially very little public support, however once word had spread that the leaders had been executed without proper trials, public support greatly increased for Sinn Fein
        Increased public support lead to an overall increase in Irish Republicanism and consequently
    2. Revolutionary Irish Nationalists saw WW1 as a chance to stage an uprising
3. Historical Figure
  1. Eamon De Valera
    1. Eamonn de Valera played a key role in Ireland’s recent history. De Valera was one of the leaders in the failed 1916 Easter Uprising. He was also president of Sinn Fein from 1917 to 1926 and was to become prime minister and president of an independent Ireland.
    2. Lead Introduction to Constitution of Ireland
    3. De Valera was a leader in the War of Independence and of the anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War (1922–1923). After leaving Sinn Féin in 1926 due to its policy of abstentionism, he founded Fianna Fáil, and was head of government from 1932 to 1948, 1951 to 1954, and 1957 to 1959, when he resigned after being elected as President of Ireland. His political creed evolved from militant republicanism to social and cultural conservatism
    4. Vital to turning republicanism into an enormously strong force which led for the actual Republic of Ireland to be formed.
4. Political, Religious and Ethnic Beliefs
  1. Catholic Church rejects Republicanism (despite similarities to Nationalism) since about 1790's
    1. Most republicans feel that religion should be left out of civil affairs as they desire a united Ireland with less religious divides
      1. After Easter Rising increase in number of catholics supporting Republicanism
        Eamon de Valera increased support of the Catholic Church while head of the Republic of Ireland.
  2. Share a love of Irish culture, language and history (similar to Nationalists)
    1. Republicans believe in using violence as the means to end
5. Political figures, parties, movements and paramilitary organisations
  1. organisations
    1. Sinn Fein
    2. Irish Republican Army
    3. Land League
    4. Irish Republican Brotherhood
  2. People
    1. Arthur Griffith
    2. Patrick Pearse
    3. Michael Collins
  3. Movement
    1. Gaelic Revival
    2. Young Ireland Movement
    3. Fenian Movement
6. An extreme nationalist, who believes in a United Irelanda achieved by force.
Ulster Unionism
1. Flags & Symbols
  1. Ulster Flag
2. Historical Figure
  1. Edward Carson
    1. Irish unionist politician, barrister and judge. He was leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance and Ulster Unionist Party between 1910 and 1921
    2. Major Leader in Anti- Home Rule Campaign
    3. Edward Carson was the ‘uncrowned king’ of Protestants in Ireland
3. Significant Event
  1. Home Rule
    1. "Home Rule" was the name given to the policy of establishing a devolved parliament to govern Ireland as an autonomous region within the United Kingdom
      1. 'Home rule is Rome rule'
      2. Unionists comprised the opposition to Home Rule. They believed that an Irish Parliament dominated by Catholic nationalists would be to their economic, social and religious disadvantage, and would move eventually towards total independence from Britain
4. Political, Religious and Ethnic Beliefs
  1. Mainly Protestants who come from the Northern Ireland
  2. Unionists are diverse in their religous and ethnic beliefs however what ties them together is their dislike for the catholic church and affiliation with the British
    1. More recently catholic unionists who see issues with a united Ireland
  3. Unionist align themselves politically with the UK
  4. Do not necessarily agree with paramilitary Violence
5. Political Figures, Parties, Movements and Paramilitary Organisations
  1. People
    1. James Craig
    2. Terrance O'Neil
  2. Organisations
    1. Ulster Unionist Party
    2. The Democratic Unionist Party
    3. The Orange Order
  3. Movements
    1. Reaction to the Home Rule
    2. Unionist Resistance
6. Belief that Northern Ireland should remain part of the UK
Ulster Loyalism
1. Political, Religious and Ethnic Beliefs
  1. Subset of Ulster Unionism
    1. Since partition, most loyalists have supported upholding Northern Ireland's status as a part of the United Kingdom (i.e. unionism). Historically, the terms 'unionist' and 'loyalist' were often used interchangeably. However, since the resurgence of loyalist paramilitarism in the 1960s, a distinction between the two is made more often.
      1. Described as working class Unionists who are willing to support violence to defend union with Great Britain
  2. Most loyalists are protestant (or identify as such)
    1. Loyal to the British Crown
      1. Because they are descendants (mostly) from British settlers
      2. Often supportive of British Monarchy but not British Government and Institutions
    2. Dislike of Catholics and oppose union of Catholics and Protestants in a United Ireland
  3. Care little for Political negotiations, hence why during the troubles, Loyalists violent actions
2. Significant Event
  1. Beginning of The Troubles (1969)
    1. Tense situation where fighting between Political Parties, Government officials, and British Troops was common and tensions were high
    2. Turning Point for Loyalism as private armies began appearing on the streets and loyalism distinguished itself from unionism as it supported paramilitary violence
3. Historical Figure
  1. Augustus Andrew (Gusty Spence)
    1. leader of the paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and a leading loyalist politician in Northern Ireland. One of the first UVF members to be convicted of murder, Spence was a senior figure in the organisation for over a decade.
    2. He was frequently involved in street fights with republicans and garnered a reputation as a "hard man".[9] He was also associated loosely with prominent loyalists such as Ian Paisley and Desmond Boal
4. Political Figures, Parties, Movements and Paramilitary Organisations
  1. Organisations
    1. Ulster Volunteer Force
    2. Ulster Defence Association
    3. Progressive Unionist Party
  2. Movements
    1. Paramilitary (during the troubles)
  3. People
    1. Charles Harding Smith
    2. Michael Stone
5. Flags & Symbols
  1. Ulster Volunteer Force Symbol/Flag
  2. Loyalist Volunteer force
6. An Extreme Loyalist who considers themselves loyal to the British Crown

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