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Mapa Mental por Rebecca Spencer, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Rebecca Spencer
aproximadamente 3 anos atrás
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England in 1558
- Government on Elizabeth's
accession
- the court - made up of noblemen who acted as
the monarch's advisors and friends. Advised
monarch & helped display her wealth and
power. Members could also be part of the privy
council.
- Justices of the
Peace - large
landowners;
appointed by
government, who
kept law and order
locally and head
court cases.
- Lord Lieutenants - noblemen, appointed
by government, who governed English
countries and raised local militia (force of
ordinary people, not the military, raised
in an emergency
- parliament - advised Elizabeth's
government, made up of the
House of Lords (noblemen +
bishops) and the House of
Commons (elected, though very
few people could vote). Parliament
passed laws and approved taxes.
- Elizabeth did not possess complete power- could not pass
laws without parliament's approval, or raise taxes without
their agreement.
- Elizabeth did not possess complete power- could not pass
laws without parliament's approval, or raise taxes without
their agreement.
- the court - made up of noblemen who acted as
the monarch's advisors and friends. Advised
monarch & helped display her wealth and
power. Members could also be part of the privy
council.
- Society on Elizabeth's
accession
- Elizabethan society very rigid-
based on inequality and a
social hierarchy in which
everyone knew their place.
- obedience and care- wherever you were in
Elizabethan society, you owed obedience and
respect to those above you, and had a duty of care
over those below you. Landowners ran their
estates based on these ideas, ideally they took care
of their tenants in times of hardship.
- households were run along similar lines-
husband and father was head of the
household, wife, children and any servants
were expected to be obedient to him.
- households were run along similar lines-
husband and father was head of the
household, wife, children and any servants
were expected to be obedient to him.
- the countryside (where 90% of population lived)
- gentry- owned
small estates
- nobility- major land owners
- yeoman farmers- owned a
small amount of land
- tenant farmers- rented land from
yeoman and gentry
- landless + labouring poor- people
who didn't own or rent land,
worked or laboured to provide for
themselves and family
- homeless +
vagrants -
moved from
place to place
looking for work.
- gentry- owned
small estates
- towns (where 10%
of population lived)
- merchants -
wealthy traders
- professionals - lawyers, doctors, clergymen
- business owners- skilled
craftsmen such as silversmiths,
tailors and carpenters
- craftsmen- skilled
employees, including
apprentices
- unskilled labourers and
unemployed- people with
no regular work
- merchants -
wealthy traders
- Elizabethan society very rigid-
based on inequality and a
social hierarchy in which
everyone knew their place.
- Virgin Queen : legitimacy, gender
and marriage
- Problems facing Elizabeth when
she became queen (1558)
- only 21- young and lacked
experience, so needed support
from her Privy council
- her government
needed money
- to pass laws,
needed support
from Parliament
- legitimacy in doubt as people refused to
recognise her mother's marriage to Henry VIII
(as he divorced his first wife to marry her,
and excluded her from the line of succession
when he executed Anne Boleyn, though he
later reversed this decision)
- Catholics refused to
acknowledge her right to rule
- Elizabeth was Protestant, her predecessor
Mary was Catholic, so many Catholics disliked
her. and there was a risk of rebellion.
- Elizabeth was unmarried, and it was
unusual for a woman to rule in her own
right, as Christian traditions suggested
that women should follow men's authority.
Many disapproved of the idea of a queen
who actually ruled.
- Marriage would reduce Elizabeth's power as her husband
would be expected to govern the country. If she married a
protestant, this would anger Catholics, and vice versa.
Marriage could also involve England in expensive wars,
and the crown was already £300,000 in debt. However, it
was important as she needed an heir.
- Marriage would reduce Elizabeth's power as her husband
would be expected to govern the country. If she married a
protestant, this would anger Catholics, and vice versa.
Marriage could also involve England in expensive wars,
and the crown was already £300,000 in debt. However, it
was important as she needed an heir.
- only 21- young and lacked
experience, so needed support
from her Privy council
- known as 'Virgin Queen' as she remained unmarried.
- Elizabeth's character and strengths
- well educated- spoke Latin,
Greek, French and Italian
- confident and charismatic -
enabled her to win over her
subjects and command support
from Parliament
- resilient- spent time in the tower
accused of treason and facing
possible execution- could cope with
the pressures of being queen
- excellent grasp of politics- understood the
interests and ambitions of her subjects, was able
to use her powers of patronage (granting land,
jobs and titles to supporters) effectively.
- was Protestant, and as the number of
protestants in England was growing,
she could make her position of queen
more secure and could claim divine right
with growing conviction.
- well educated- spoke Latin,
Greek, French and Italian
- Able to reinvent herself as a different kind of
monarch. Liked to demonstrate that although
she was female, she was no ordinary woman,
and could therefore argue that she did not need
to marry and could govern England alone. Happy
to portray herself as a strong, legitimate, popular
monarch, and a 'Virgin queen' married only to
England and not to a prince or a King. Paintings
of her coronation showed her as a confident,
feminine monarch rightfully crowned Queen.
- Problems facing Elizabeth when
she became queen (1558)
- Challenges at home; financial
weaknesses
- financial weaknesses in 1558
- crown was
£300,000 in debt,
had an annual
income of
£286,667
- over £100,000 of
Crown debts was
owed to foreign
moneylenders with an
interest rate of 14%
- Mary Tudor had sold
off Crown's lands to
pay for wars with
France, so income
from rents was
falling
- Elizabeth needed
money to remain
secure on her
throne as she could
use it to reward her
supporters
- since 1540, coin was
devalued as the crown
debased the coinage,
causing inflation as
currency was no longer
worth as much.
- crown was
£300,000 in debt,
had an annual
income of
£286,667
- How monarchs could raise
money
- rents and income from
their own lands
- taxes from trade
(known as customs
duties)
- special additional taxes, known
as subsides which had to be
approved by Parliament
- profits of justice
(fines, property or
lands from convicts)
- Loans- sometimes forced
and never repaid
- rents and income from
their own lands
- what could be
done/what she actually
did
- COULD- raise taxes to
boost crown's income..
However, additional taxes
would be unpopular,
increasing risk of unrest
- COULD- improve quality of money by
increasing gold and silver content in the
coinage. Suggested by Thomas Gresham
(Crown's financial adviser) in 1560, but
Crown was too slow to respond. it would
have also been difficult to exchange old
coins for new ones.
- DID- hoard income instead
of raising taxes, cut her
household expenses by
half. Sold Crown's lands
raising £120,000. Out of
debt by 1574.
- COULD- raise taxes to
boost crown's income..
However, additional taxes
would be unpopular,
increasing risk of unrest
- Despite her careful management of finances, there was
little reform. Parliamentary grants were raised locally,
many landowners acting as Lord Lieutenants and
Justices of the Peace pocketed some proceeds before
passing them onto the Crown. Ordinary people faced
higher financial burden whereas wealthy benefitted.
- financial weaknesses in 1558
- Challenges Abroad: France,
Scotland and Spain
- French threat- French wealthier
and had bigger population.
Elizabeth's cousin, Mary Queen
of Scots was married to the heir
to the French Throne. Mary had
a strong claim to the English
throne and English Catholics
may rally to her if invaded.
- The Auld Alliance- France's alliance with
Scotland threatened England. Mary of Guise
(James V's widow), who ruled Scotland on
behalf of her daughter Mary Queen of Scots,
kept French soldiers there who could attack
England., Relationship between France and
Scotland was further strengthened by the
marriage between Francis (heir to French
throne) and Mary Queen of Scots, in 1558.
Francis became King of France in 1559.
- Under Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis- England lost Calais to
France. This was England's last remaining territory on the
continent and there was pressure to regain it, however,
war with France would be expensive and dangerous.
- War was expensive- The Crown was
in debt, England could not afford a
war with France, Scotland or Spain.
- France ended its war with Spain- French
military resources were no longer
preoccupied with with Spain, making war
with England more likely. There was a
possibility of France and Spain (both
Catholic countries) uniting against
Protestant England. Spain also had troops
in the Netherlands, not far from England.
- How Elizabeth dealt with this:
- did her best to avoid upsetting Europe's most powerful countries.
- Sought to avoid war with France by signing The Peace of
Troyes (1564) which recognised Calais as France's
- dealt with Scottish threat by placing Mary Queen of
Scots (who fled England in 1568) in custody in England
- dealt with Scottish threat by placing Mary Queen of
Scots (who fled England in 1568) in custody in England
- Sought to avoid war with France by signing The Peace of
Troyes (1564) which recognised Calais as France's
- did her best to avoid upsetting Europe's most powerful countries.
- French threat- French wealthier
and had bigger population.
Elizabeth's cousin, Mary Queen
of Scots was married to the heir
to the French Throne. Mary had
a strong claim to the English
throne and English Catholics
may rally to her if invaded.
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