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3772316
PE - Anatomy and Physiology
Descrição
Mapa Mental sobre PE - Anatomy and Physiology, criado por Jack Burdett em 14-10-2015.
Mapa Mental por
Jack Burdett
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
Jack Burdett
mais de 9 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
PE - Anatomy and Physiology
Skeletal System and Muscles of the Body
Synovial Joints
Ball and Socket - Shoulder
Saddle - Thumb
Hinge - Elbow
Gliding - Vertabrea
Pivot - Neck
Condyloid - Wrist
3 Main Joints
Synovial Joints
Fibrous (immoveable) Joints
Cartilaginous (slightly moveable) Joints
Structure of a Synovial Joint
Ligament
A band of strong fibrous tissue
Connects bone to bone
Synovial Fluid
A slippery fluid - the consistency of egg-whites - that is contained within the joint cavity
To reduce friction between the articular cartilage in the joint
Articular Cartilage
Glassy-smooth cartilage that is spongy and covers the ends of the bones in the joint
To absorb shock and prevent friction between the ends of the bones in the joint
Joint Capsule
A tough fibrous tissue that has two layers, with the fibrous capsule lying outside the synovial membrane
The fibrous capsule helps to strengthen the joint, while the synovial membrane lines the joint and secretes synovial fluid
Tendon
A band of strong fibrous tissue
Connects muscle to bone
Movement at Synovial Joints
Flexion
Bending of a limb
Extension
The straightening of a joint
Horizontal Flezion
When the shoulder is flexed and the hand comes across the front of the body
Horizontal Extension
When the shoulder is flexed and the hand moves away from the front of the body
Abduction
Moving the body part away from the central line
Adduction
Moving the body part towards the central line
Circumduction
Moving the entire connecting limb through its full range of motion
Pronation
The movement of turning the palm over to face downwards
Supnation
The movement of turning the palm over to face up
Dorsiflexion
Backward flexion or bending, as of the hand or foot
Plantar flexion
Extension of the ankle, pointing of the foot or toes
Lateral flexion
Bending to the side
Rotation
Movement in which something revolves around a single long axis
Antagonistic Pair
Occurs when muscles work as a pair to produce a movement
One muscle shortens to produce movement whilst the other muscle lengthens to allow that movement
E.G. Flexion at the arm, the biceps brachii being the agonist and the triceps brachii being the antagonist
Contraction Types
Isometric
Tension is produced at the muscle, but there is no change in muscle length
Isotonic
Tension is produced in the muscle and there is a change in muscle length
It is broken down into concentric and eccentric
Concentric
Shortening of the muscle while producing tension
Eccentric
Lengthening of the muscle while producing tension
Health Disorders
Osteoporosis
Caused by low bone density
Bones in hip, spine and wrist joints are most commonly affected
More associated with the older generation and women over men
Growth Plate Disorders
Damage (fractures) to the growth plate within a bone - common as its the weakest part of the growing skeleton
Associated with young people as the growth plates are still active
Caused by sudden force travelling through the bone
Osteoarthritis
Wearing down of articular cartilage causing friction within joints
Can lead to bone spurs within joints that cause considerable pain
Effects large weight bearing joints such as hip and knees
Joint Stability
Refers to whether a joint is able to be compressed and stretched repeatedly without injury
Shallow joints are less stable
Weight bearing and deep joints are most stable
Ligaments help to promote joint stability
Ligaments aren't very elastic though and so can be damaged easily
Location and tone of surrounding muscles can effect joint stability
Posture and Alignment
The bodies use of muscles to maintain good posture
Good posture allows you to exercise with maximum efficiency and minimum risk of injury
Good posture prevents lower back pain
Muscle Fibre Types
Anexos de mídia
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