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3904452
PAIN
Descrição
Pain
Sem etiquetas
pain
psy2ach
abnormal psychology
gate theory
fordyce aspects of pain
chronic pain
psychology
pain management
biopsychology
psy2ach
2
Mapa Mental por
zoe_whitwell
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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zoe_whitwell
quase 9 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
PAIN
DEFINITION: an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such
Acute: normal response to trauma
Recurrent: intense episodes interspersed with no pain (benign)
Chronic (non-cancer): constant daily pain for 3+ months
Chronic pain problems
Chronic Treatment Trap
Chronic Medication Trap
"Take it easy" trap
Chronic Resentment Trap
Sub-acute: transition from acute to chronic
Chronic progressive pain: increases in unison with underlying condition
Pathophysiology
Categorisation
Nociception: pain arising from actual or threatened tissue damage
Neuropathic pain: may be caused by a dysfunction in the CNS or PNS, frequently involves spontaneous pain in the absence of identifiable stimuli
Neural Mechanisms
A-delta fibres: small, myelinated; transmit fast sharp pain messages
Enter spine at dorsal horn; project to thalamus and sensory areas of cortex
C-fibres: large, unmyelinated; transmit aching, slow pain messages
Project to thalamus, limbic and cortical areas
A-beta fibres: everything is ok messages
Neurochemsitry
Bradykinin and prostaglandins
Released by tissue damage
stimulate pain neurons; major producers of pain
Glutamate and Substance P
Act in spinal cord to increase neural firings
Substance P secreted by pain fibres and crosses synapse to T cells; triggers firing
Part of the Gate Mechanism
Models of Pain
BioPsychoSocial
Pain comprised of physical, psychological and environmental (social) aspects
Fordyce's Aspects of Pain
Nociception
tissue damage
Pain
perceived nociceptive input
Suffering
Affective
Pain behaviour
behaviour to nociception
Avoidance learning
Learned pain beahviours
Gate Theory (Melzac and Wall)
A-beta fibres fire to keep the gate closed, controlling the flow of pain to the brain
A-delta and C-fibres fire above a threshold, opens the gate and pain messages are sent to the brain
messages coming down from the brain can also open and close the gate
central sensitization: increase in excitability of neurons in CNS; pain still experienced after tissue damage heals (chronic pain)
Treatment
Behaviour Therapy
Rewards for well beh's
Decrease rewards for pain beh's
Reduce avoidance beh's
Increase fitness
CBT
Change cognitions to change beh's, thoughts and emotions
Insight into self-defeating patterns
Challenge them
Increase self-efficacy
Problem-solving
Biofeedback and relaxation
Setting achievable goals
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