theories of the stages of development.

1. Theory of the mind

   Anotações:

   • The Idea that we have motivations and desires unbeknownst to us, that are hidden away in our unconscious mind early on in our life cycle. Due to the thought that these desires and motivations are primitive, and socially unacceptable.
   1. Theory of the self

      Anotações:

      • The Idea that our personality is driven by three main driving factors.
      1. The Id

         Anotações:

         • The Id is the most primal and instinctual part of our personality we are born with it, unlike the ego and superego which are learned. 
         1. The Ego

            Anotações:

            • This is the part of the self that deals with decision making and logical reasoning, the Ego helps us make compromises and to be practical. 
            1. the Superego

               Anotações:

               • The Superego houses all of our moral and values of society, and is learned from our parents. 

1. Oral Stage

   Anotações:

   • The Oral stage is the first part of development according to Freud, where everything that is good or bad. Is mainly discovered through the mouth. In this stage the Id is the only part of the self that exists yet. 
   1. Anal Stage

      Anotações:

      • The Anal stage is where we learn more of a sense of self control, this is also where the Ego starts to be created. 
      1. Genital stage

         Anotações:

         • This stage gives way to adolescent changes. and is characterized by hormonal urges, this is a time for the ego to be strengthened.

1. Original sin

   Anotações:

   • The belief that everyone is born with the original sin of Adam and Eve, baptism can be used to cleanse the sin. But it is believed that the soul is still damaged, reinforcing the idea that there will always be a battle between good and evil within that person.
   1. Augustine of Hippo

      Anotações:

      • Augustine was born in 354CE and is an important christian church theologian and  philosopher whose writings influenced western christianity and philosophy.
2. Tabula Rasa

   Anotações:

   • The belief that children's personalities are shaped by their environment and personal experiences. 
   1. Aristotle

      Anotações:

      • Aristotle was a prominent Greek Philosopher born in 384 BCE Chalcidice Greece.
3. Innate Goodness

   Anotações:

   • The belief that children from infancy are born good natured, and that society corrupts them and makes them bad individuals. 
   1. Jean Jacques rousseau

      Anotações:

      • Jean Rousseau was born in Geneva Switzerland in 1712, he was the least academic of modern philosophers but was also in many ways the most influential.

Anotações:

• A theory that Learning in childhood occurs through Observation, Imitation, and modeling. 

1. Albert Bandura

   Anotações:

   • Albert Bandura was a Canadian psychologist who was born in 1925, he is best known for his bobo doll experiment. He was also the lead contributor behind the social learning theory.
2. Behavioral Theory and beyond

   Anotações:

   • Albert Bandura's theory was more than just about the behavioral theory established by Watson and Thorndike.
   1. Observation

      Anotações:

      • He believed that children learned through Observation both direct and indirect through external sources like media, while actions that were met with a positive response we be repeated. Punished actions would be avoided reminiscent of Freuds Id theory.

Anotações:

• Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist born in Vienna, he was also the father of psychoanalysis and overall a very famous and prominent figure in psychology. 

1. Bf Skinner

   Anotações:

   • Skinner was Born 1904 in susquehanna pennsylvania, he was an influential part of behaviorism. 
   1. Skinner's Theory

      Anotações:

      • Bf Skinner's theory on behaviorism expanded on Thorndike's ideas, and added that children and people learn best when their actions are reinforced in a positive manner. Furthermore he also believed that an action reinforced positively was likely to be repeated.
2. John B Watson

   Anotações:

   • Watson's beliefs on behavioral  learning was that, most of us are classically conditioned through association. He believed that through conditioning parents could achieve whatever outcomes they had hoped for their child, as long as they followed his example. He is best known for his controversial experiment with an infant known only as Little Albert, who he condition to associate a tiny white rat with fear.
   1. Personal life

      Anotações:

      • John B Watson was born in 1878, and set the stage for the study of behaviorism.
3. Albert Thorndike

   Anotações:

   • Albert Thorndike was born 1874 in Williamsburg Massachusetts. 
   1. Thorndike's Theory

      Anotações:

      • In the case of Thorndikes theory of behaviorism, he believed that people and children do things not out of just classic conditioning, but from conscious thought. He thought that children and people do the things they do to see what effect will occur in response, and that we repeat those actions due to a good effect taking place. 

Anotações:

• Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and genetic epistemologist, who became famous when he presented his theory of cognitive development in children. 

1. Theory of cognitive development

   Anotações:

   • Piaget's theory of cognitive  development believed that children development through different stages, of brain development. That they are constantly learning and acquiring new information that they then add to what is previously known, and then adjust their thinking accordingly. He was also the one came up with the key term of the sensorimotor stage.
   1. Other theories of cognitive development
      1. Lev Vygotsky

         Anotações:

         • Lev Vygotsky was born in 1896 to a Jewish middle class family in Orsha, Russia. His upbringing being the main reason for most of his views and choices.
         1. Changes in thought through guidance

            Anotações:

            • Vygotsky's thoughts on child development differed vastly from that of Piaget's, instead of believing children developed over a set of particular stages and grew with each stage. He believed that children always had the ability to understand their reality, in a form of untapped potential that could be uncovered given the proper guidance.