Public Health (PH)

Public Health (PH)

Prehistoric
1. No system in place
2. Hunter Gatherers would move away from their waste which prevented disease
3. Farmers would have a constant source of food
Ancient Egypt
1. Little improvement
2. Sand buckets used for waste and then thrown away
3. Papyrus
  1. Used for recording
Ancient Greece
1. An Asclepia in every major town
  1. (gymnasia, baths, etc)
2. Hippocrates suggested good diet & exercise
Ancient Rome
1. Cared about health of soldiers (for war purposes)
  1. So good facilities provided
2. Conquering other countries
  1. To keep citizens calm & stop panicking they provided excellent PH
3. Aqueducts invented
  1. "Fresh water" in towns
4. Public baths, toilets and sewers
  1. (7 SEWERS IN ROME)
  2. Gov Officials monitored for cleanliness
Fall Of Roman Empire
1. Invaded
  1. Empire broke up into different countries
    1. Engineering knowledge lost
2. No stability
3. Countries cared more about war than PH
  1. No bath houses, etc
Early Middle Ages
1. Throw waste out of windows, through the streets
  1. Waste ran to rivers, which was a supply of drinking water
2. Animals in streets
3. Gov didn't care about PH
4. RELIGION HINDERED
  1. Thought God sent diseases
5. Houses packed tightly together
Late Middle Ages
1. Religion had benefits such as washing themselves
2. Monesteries had efficient water pipes
3. Law to make cesspits a certain distance from water supplies & lined with stone
  1. Rakers employed
  2. NOT ENOUGH PEOPLE TO BE ENFORCED
4. The Black Death (1348)
  1. Religious PH used = bad
5. King Edward III told everyone to clean up towns
  1. Shows improvement
Renaissance
1. The Great Plauge (1665)
  1. Seal houses for 28 days
  2. Red crosses on doors
  3. Watchmen
  4. Plague Doctores
  5. Mass graves
2. The Great Fire (1666)
3. Bills of Mortality
  1. Recorded deaths & causes
Industrial Revolution
1. EARLY 1800s = WORST PH EVER!
  1. People moved from countryside to cities
    1. Cramped
    2. Bad housing cos quickly built
    3. Not enough sewers
  2. Bad working conditions
    1. Kids worked at a too early age
  3. Gov had a "laissez faire" attitude
  4. Low life expectancy
2. Edwin Chadwick's 1842 Report
  1. "Disease caused poverty" so if the Gov provided clean water, they would save money
3. 1848, PUBLIC HEALTH ACT (influenced by cholera epidemic & Chadwicks report)
  1. Not followed or compulsory
  2. Suggest Board of Health (103 towns), to clean towns, & medical oficers
4. Reasons the Gov started improving
  1. 1852, Jenners smallpox vaccination
    1. Dr John Snow, 1854
      1. Investigated cholera
        Broad Street pump (SCIENCE&TECH)
        Small affect
      2. Great Sink of 1858
        1864, Germ Theory by Pasteur
        1867, Working Class Men Vote
        Joseph Bazalgette built London underground sewers
    2. COMPULSORY
5. Octavia Hill led to Artisans Dwelling Act (1875)
  1. 1875, 2nd Public Health Act
    1. Compulsory
Modern
1. Gov cares about individuals
2. 2nd Boer War
  1. Men weren't fit enough to fight
3. Rowntree's & Booth's reports
4. 1906-1912 Gov Liberal Reform Acts
  1. Medical checks (1912), free school meals, compulsory training for midwives, Old Age Pension (1908)
5. After WW1
  1. "Homes for Heroes" by PM David Lloyd George
  2. 1919, Housing Act (provides good homes for the working class)
6. WW2 led to NHS being made
  1. Beveridge, 1948 report on free health service
  2. 1946, decision of NHS (LAW)
    1. 1948, NHS existence

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