4093697
Descrição
Mapa Mental por Josh Bullock, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Josh Bullock
aproximadamente 9 anos atrás
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Alkanes
- Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
- Process
- Crude oil is vaporised at 350 degrees
Celcius.
- Passed into the bottom of the
fractionating column where it rises up.
- Large hydrocarbons do not vaporise and
run to the bottom to form a "gooey"
residue.
- As the vapor rises, it cools and forms a
temperature gradient.
- Boiling points increase as molecules increase
so they condense at different temperatures
and are drawn off at different levels in the
column.
- The smallest hydrocarbons do not condense
and are drawn off as gas at the top of the
column.
- Crude oil is vaporised at 350 degrees
Celcius.
- Petroleum is a fancy word for crude oil - the stuff in the
ground. It is a mixture mostly made up of alkanes.
- Process
- Modification of Alkanes by Cracking
- Cracking is breaking long-chain
hydrocarbons in to smaller ones. It involves
breaking C-C bonds.
- Types of Cracking
- Thermal Cracking
- Takes place at high temperatures (1000 C)
and high pressures (70 atm).
- Produces lots of alkenes.
- Takes place at high temperatures (1000 C)
and high pressures (70 atm).
- Catalytic Cracking
- Uses a zeolite catalyst (hydrated aluminosilicate).
- Slight pressure used and a high temperature (500 C).
- Mostly produces aromatic hydrocarbons
and the alkanes used in motor fuels.
- The catalyst cuts cost due to reducing pressure
and temperature requirements and speeds up the
reaction saving time and money.
- Uses a zeolite catalyst (hydrated aluminosilicate).
- Thermal Cracking
- Cracking is breaking long-chain
hydrocarbons in to smaller ones. It involves
breaking C-C bonds.
- Combustion of Alkanes
- Alkanes are used as fuels because they
release a large amount of energy when burnt.
- Same as normal combustion - you get
complete and incomplete.
- Pollution Produced by Combustion
- Nitrogen Oxides - toxic and poisonous
molecules with the general formula NOx.
- Not all hydrocarbons are burnt which react with
nitrogen oxides in the presence of oxygen for
form ground-level ozone (a component of smog)
- Carbon Monoxide
- Sulfur Dioxide is formed if the hydrocarbon contains sulfur.
This dissolves in moisture and forms sulfuric acid which
causes acid rain. Nitrogen Dioxide also does this.
- Catalytic converters remove
these gaseous pollutants.
- Nitrogen Oxides - toxic and poisonous
molecules with the general formula NOx.
- General Equation:
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ->
Carbon Dioxide + Water
- Alkanes are used as fuels because they
release a large amount of energy when burnt.
- Chlorination of Alkanes
- What are they?
- Saturated hydrocarbons.
- Saturated hydrocarbons.
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