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Chapter
3:Phonology
- Stops
- There are three pairs of stops: Stop
phonemes are formed by completely blocking
the air for an instant and then releasing it.The
first two stops are,/p/ and /b/ and are formed
by by stopping the air by closing the lips.They
are called bilabials.Sounds include pop and
bib.The next two steps are /t/ and /d/.These
phonemes are present at the beginning and
end of words like tot and dad.The sounds are
made by placing the tip of the tongue behind
the front teeth along the alveolar ridge to
block the air for a moment.The last stops,/k/
and /g/,are formed by raising the blade of the
tongue up againgst the velar region in the
back of the mouth to temporarily block the air.
Ex. kick and gig.
- Fricates
- Fricates are produced by constructing the airflow through the vocal
tract.The fricatives also come in pairs,except for/h/.There are nine
fricatives in English:
- Africates
- Affricates are formed by briefly stopping
the air and then releasing it with some
friction.Thus, affricates are formed by a
combination of a stop and a affricative.1.
/c</ (the phoneme spelled ch in chip):
voiceless alveopalatal affricate. 2. /j</ (the
phoneme spelled g in gyp): voiced
alveopalatal affricate.
- Nasals
- English has three nasal consonants.These
are /m/, /n/, and /ng/.The first two have the
sounds of the letters m in words like Mom
and Nan.The last one has the sound of ng
and ring.In fact, the symbol looks like n with
a tail of a g.The sound occurs only at the
end of a syllable in English, never at eh
beginning.English nasals are voiced.they
are produced by stopping the air in the oral
cavity and lowering teh velum so that teh
airflow can pass through the nasal cavity.
- Liquids
- There are two phonemes called
liquids, a descriptive term to
denote the smooth sounds
asssociated with /l/ and /r/.The
sounds of these phonemes are
those that occur at the
beginning and end of lull and
roar.To form the /l/, a speaker
places the tip of the toungue
against the alveolar ridge and
lowers one side of the toungue
to let the air pass through on
that side.On the other hand The
American English /r/ is
produced by curling the toungue
tip back slightly.
- In all, American English gas
twenty-four consonant
phonemes:six stops,nine
fricatives,two fricatives,three
nasals, two liquids.Only seven
consonant sounds are represented
by special marks.The rest use
letters from the alphabet.
- In all, American English gas
twenty-four consonant
phonemes:six stops,nine
fricatives,two fricatives,three
nasals, two liquids.Only seven
consonant sounds are represented
by special marks.The rest use
letters from the alphabet.
- Glides
- The final two consonant
phonemes, the glides, are
sometimes called semivowels
because they are produced with
every little constriction of the air
passage, more like a
vowel.These phonemes are
the/y/ sound at the beginning
"yes" and /w/ that occurs at the
start of wet.The glides that are
consonants occur only at the
beginning of a syllable in English
or as part of a blend,like the sw
in swing. They are produced by
moving the toungue up toward
the alveopalatal or velar region.
- The final two consonant
phonemes, the glides, are
sometimes called semivowels
because they are produced with
every little constriction of the air
passage, more like a
vowel.These phonemes are
the/y/ sound at the beginning
"yes" and /w/ that occurs at the
start of wet.The glides that are
consonants occur only at the
beginning of a syllable in English
or as part of a blend,like the sw
in swing. They are produced by
moving the toungue up toward
the alveopalatal or velar region.
- There are two phonemes called
liquids, a descriptive term to
denote the smooth sounds
asssociated with /l/ and /r/.The
sounds of these phonemes are
those that occur at the
beginning and end of lull and
roar.To form the /l/, a speaker
places the tip of the toungue
against the alveolar ridge and
lowers one side of the toungue
to let the air pass through on
that side.On the other hand The
American English /r/ is
produced by curling the toungue
tip back slightly.
- English has three nasal consonants.These
are /m/, /n/, and /ng/.The first two have the
sounds of the letters m in words like Mom
and Nan.The last one has the sound of ng
and ring.In fact, the symbol looks like n with
a tail of a g.The sound occurs only at the
end of a syllable in English, never at eh
beginning.English nasals are voiced.they
are produced by stopping the air in the oral
cavity and lowering teh velum so that teh
airflow can pass through the nasal cavity.
- Affricates are formed by briefly stopping
the air and then releasing it with some
friction.Thus, affricates are formed by a
combination of a stop and a affricative.1.
/c</ (the phoneme spelled ch in chip):
voiceless alveopalatal affricate. 2. /j</ (the
phoneme spelled g in gyp): voiced
alveopalatal affricate.
- Fricates are produced by constructing the airflow through the vocal
tract.The fricatives also come in pairs,except for/h/.There are nine
fricatives in English:
- There are three pairs of stops: Stop
phonemes are formed by completely blocking
the air for an instant and then releasing it.The
first two stops are,/p/ and /b/ and are formed
by by stopping the air by closing the lips.They
are called bilabials.Sounds include pop and
bib.The next two steps are /t/ and /d/.These
phonemes are present at the beginning and
end of words like tot and dad.The sounds are
made by placing the tip of the tongue behind
the front teeth along the alveolar ridge to
block the air for a moment.The last stops,/k/
and /g/,are formed by raising the blade of the
tongue up againgst the velar region in the
back of the mouth to temporarily block the air.
Ex. kick and gig.
Anexos de mídia
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