The Industrial Age

The Industrial Age

The Second Industrial Revolution
1. Period of rapid growth in US manufacturing
  1. US became world industrial leader
2. Steel Industry
  1. Steel
    1. Iron made stronger by heat and other metals
    2. Major in revolution
  2. Bessemer Process
    1. Steel making by blasting hot air through melted iron to purify it
    2. Cheap & efficient
      1. Increased production to more than 1 million tons per year
3. Railroad
  1. Low steel prices = Low railroad manufacturing prices
    1. Thousands of miles of new track
  2. Passenger and sleeping cars improved passenger service
  3. Refrigerator cars allowed perishable products to be shipped to markets
  4. Free tickets for settlers increased western growth
    1. Cities developed
4. Oil and Electricity
  1. Oil
    1. Crude oil --> Kerosene
      1. Cooking, heating, lighting
    2. Edwin L. Drake proved possible to pump crude oil from ground
    3. Wildcatters
      1. Oil prospectors
        Drilled for oil in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia
  2. Electricity
    1. Thomas Edison
      1. Built electricity power plants for big cities
    2. George Westinghouse
      1. Built system that could send electricity over miles
5. Inventions
  1. Thomas Edison
    1. Lightbulb
  2. Alexander Graham Bell
    1. Telephone
  3. Gasoline-powered engine
    1. Increased demand for oil production
  4. Henry Ford
    1. Model T
    2. Assembly line
  5. Wilbur and Orville Wright
    1. Airplane
    2. Orville Wright
      1. Made fist piloted flight in gas-powered plane
        Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Industrial Workers
1. Working Conditions
  1. Machines run by unskilled workers
    1. Eliminated jobs of skilled craftspeople
  2. Specialization
    1. Workers repeat single step over and over
      1. Cheap and efficient
    2. Made workers tired, bored, and injury-prone
  3. Frederick W. Taylor
    1. Encouraged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts
2. Labor Unions
  1. Knights of Labor
    1. Members
      1. Skilled and unskilled workers
    2. Beliefs
      1. 8-hour workday
      2. Equal pay
      3. End child labor
      4. Government regulated trusts
    3. Terence V. Powderly
      1. Leader of Knights
      2. Ended secrecy and formed first labor union
  2. American Federation of Labor (AFL)
    1. Samuel Gompers
    2. Beliefs
      1. Better wages
      2. Better hours
      3. Better conditions
    3. Organized individual national unions
    4. Members
      1. Skilled workers
        Great bargaining power
        Collective Bargaining
        All workers acting collectively have greater chance of success
        Larger membership than Knights
  3. Mary Harris Jones
    1. Irish immigrant woman that worked for better mining conditions
      1. Strikes
      2. Helped educate workers
3. Labor Strikes
  1. Chicago Strike
    1. Thousands went on strike for 8-hour workday
      1. Two killed in fight with police
  2. Haymarket Riot
    1. Someone threw bomb that wounded police officers and killed eight
      1. Police opened fire and killed several and wounded 100
    2. Eight people arrested
      1. One had Knights membership card
        Knights leadership had not supported but local chapters had
        Knights membership fell
  3. Homestead Strike
    1. Protested plan to buy new machinery and cut jobs
    2. Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Factory in Pennsylvania
      1. Refused to negotiate and locked workers out
      2. Hired strike breakers to work
    3. Workers seized control of plant
      1. Gunfire erupted when Pinkerton detectives hired by company tried to enter plant
    4. Lasted 4 months
    5. Union defeated
  4. Pullman Strike
    1. Stopped traffic on railroads till courts ordered workers to work again
    2. George Pullman's Pullman Palace Car Company in Pullman, Illinois
      1. Workers paid high rents
      2. Pullman laid off half of workers and cut pay for remaining but did not lower rents
      3. President Grover Cleveland sent troops to stop strike
      4. Union defeated
Business
1. Corporations
  1. Businesses that sell stocks
    1. Stock
      1. Shares of company ownership
  2. Stockholders
    1. Get percentage of profits
    2. Elect board of directors to choose leaders
    3. Not responsible for business debt
    4. Only lose money invested in company if fails
    5. Can sell stock to whomever whenever
  3. Encouraged investment
2. Business Leaders
  1. Andrew Carnegie
    1. Scottish immigrant worked on railroad
      1. Became railroad superintendent
    2. Steel
      1. Bought out competitors when steel prices were low and expanded business
    3. Vertical Integration
      1. Ownership of businesses involved in each step of process
    4. Philanthropist
    5. Pressured railroads into charging them lower shipping rates
  2. Leland Stanford
    1. Governor of California
    2. Founder of California's Central Pacific Railroad
    3. Founder of Stanford University
    4. Argued industries should be managed by workers
  3. John D. Rockefeller
    1. Oil
      1. Largest oil refiner in country
    2. Started Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company while partner in wholesale business
    3. Vertical Integration
    4. Horizontal Integration
      1. Ownership of businesses in field
      2. Monopoly
        Total ownership of product/service
    5. Trust
      1. Grouping companies under a board of directors
    6. Philanthropist
    7. Pressured railroads to charge lower shipping rates
3. Trusts
  1. Social Darwinism
    1. Based on Charles Darwin natural selection theory
    2. "Survival of the fittest"
      1. Decided who would succeed in business and life
  2. Philanthropy
    1. Giving money to charities
    2. Believed rich had duty to aid poor
  3. The Antitrust Movement
    1. Causes
      1. Large corporations often drove smaller competitors out of business
      2. Powerful trusts arranged to sell goods below market value
        Smaller competitors went out of business trying to match prices
        When competitors fail, trust raises prices again
      3. Competition kept prices low and quality high
    2. People wanted government to interfere
      1. Congress favored businesses
        Sherman Antitrust Act
        Illegal to create monopolies of trusts that restrained trade
        Did not clearly define trust in legal terms
        Difficult to enforce
        Corporations continued to grow

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	Criado por Emily Smerkiin aproximadamente 9 anos atrás