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433420
Moral Development
Descrição
Mapa Mental sobre Moral Development, criado por Helen Li em 11-12-2013.
Mapa Mental por
Helen Li
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
Helen Li
mais de 10 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
Moral Development
Morality: Biological perspective
rooted in human nature
reciprocity and exchange
empathy and self-sacrifice
biased to help family members - continue bloodline
investing time and effort for own people
originated from hunter & gatherer societies
BRAIN AREAS
PFC - ventromedial area
orbitofrontal cortex
Milller & Bersoff: What should Ben do?
conflict between personal responsibility and responsibility to society
Morality: Societal Norms perspective
Child's characteristics
Parent characteristics
Parental style of discipline
Child's view of misdeed and reasonableness of parental demands
internalization of societal standards
Emotions drive behaviour
ROLE OF GUILT
not the only motivation for moral behaviour tho!
guilt leads us to make amends, repair damage from our actions
INDUCTIvE DISCIPLINE
OR harsh discipline
OR love withdrawal
induction: adult helps child notice others' feelings and effects of their own msbehaviour
providing reasonable and appropriate explanations
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (GUILT)
form superego by conscience
want to sexually possess opposite-sex parent
fear of being destroyed by opposite-sex parent channeled into superego
leads to conformity to societal rules/moral behaviour
internalize rules out of fear and protection of oursevles
Morality: Behaviourism
we do RIGHT becuz we're REWARDED for it
we do WRONG becuz we're PUNISHED for it
reinforcement/punishment must be learnt over time
some behaviours we avoid even tho we've never done it before!
some engage in moral behaviour despite great personal risk
EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT
to foster long-term goals - better to use warm but firm way of discipline
harsh and violent punishment only makes it more likely child will do it again
Spanking: only modelling aggression!
frequency and severity of punishment can ESCALATE over time
transmit cross-generations
often higher for low SES families
African-Americans see corporal punishment differently
children see it as parent caring for them
it's for your own good rather than personal act of aggression
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
children learn thru modelling
3 aspects of models most likely to be modelled
Warm, responsiveness
Competence & power
Consistency between assertions & behaviour
models most influential in early years
ALTERNATIVES to punishment
warm parent-child relationship
consistency
explanations
Some cases: direct violation of norms is good!
parents are not always right!
Morality: Cognitive-Developmental
Heteronomous morality (5-8 yrs)
see rules as handed down to them by supreme authority (adults)
rules are ABSOLUTE
Morality of cooperation (9-10 yrs)
see rules as flexible rather than fixed
settle conflicts in mutually beneficial ways
ideal reciprocity
children capable of seeing ppl's intentions as bad based on their behaviour
focus on punishment, consequences, concrete things
HEINZ DILEMMA
man wants to save wife dying from cancer
druggist refuses to sell drugs to him for cheaper and won't let man pay him back later
Man tries all other methods of raising money but no time
desperate - he breaks into drug store and steals drug to save his wife
WAS IT RIGHT OF HIM TO DO IT?
KOHLBERG'S STAGES
Preconventional level
1. Punishment & obedience
2. Naive-hedonistic
Conventional level
3. Good boy good girl
4. Social order maintaining
Postconventional level
5. Social contract/legalistic
6. Self-chosen ethical principles
ppl also use other strategies
relying on institution
talking with others
religious beliefs
Influences
cognitive maturity
perspective-taking
reorganization of thought
Challenges to Kohlberg's theory
Pragmatic approach - each person makes moral judgments on varying levels of maturity
Alot of ppl just act first then apply moral judgments later
some use moral judgments for immoral purposes
Moral dumbfounding
feels smth is wrong but can't explain why
SEX DIFFERENCES IN MORALITY
Carol Gilligan argued Kohlberg underestimated girls' morality
girls - more sensitive, caring - more likely to have higher morality
most research do NOT support her claims however
Influences of Moral Reasoning
Personality
Culture
Childrearing practices
Peer interaction
Schooling
Moral Reasoning & Behavour
Reasoning doesn't always translate to behaviour!
More likely to take action if moral goals are personally relevant to us
parenting strategies: launch conscience development + empathy early on
Fear learning environments
RELIGIOUS INVOLVEMENT
those involved in religious communities have more opportunity to get involved in community services
lower levels of drug/alcohol abuse
EXCEPTION: religious cults
Morality: Domain approach
Moral vs Social Conventional
know that breaking rules in moral domain is more serious than in social conventional
Relation of Personal & Moral domains
reach adolescence: increasingly don't want parents to interfere with personal domain
personal choice enhances moral understanding
Personal choices in social conventional domain can have MORAL consequences
Enter text here
SELF-CONTROL
inhibiting urges that violate moral rules
resistance to temptation
COMPLIANCE
DELAY OF GRATIFICATION
Walter Mischel experiment
10 mini marshmallows later OR 2 mini marshmallows now
AGGRESSION
PHSYICAL
VERBAL
RELATIONAL
Early & Middle Childhood
physical aggression gives way to verbal
girls use relational tactics
Adolescence
rise in delinquency
rise in autonomy desires
SES and ethnicity = strong predictors of arrests
STABILITY of aggression
Kindergarteners - high, moderate, low levels determine stability of aggression in later years
childrearing
SES, environment, conflict-ridden
FAMILY & AGGRESSION
Family = training ground for aggression (becomes vicious cycle)
1) coercive parental discipline
2) Coercive give + take between parent and child
3) Long-term consequences
4) Conflict resolution
Social-cog deficits
overly high self-esteem
cog distortion techniques to validate bad behaviour
Community & Cultural Influences
poverty-stricken neighbourhoods
high adult criminality
ethnic + political prejudices
INTERVENTIONS
parent training
social-cog interventions
pay more attention to social cues
zero tolerance policies
comprehensive approaches
eg EQUIP
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