4452086
Biological Molecules 1
- Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides (Single sugar)
- Glucose, Fructose, Lactose
- elements : Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
- Glucose
- a-glucose
- b-g;ucose
- Hexose Sugars & Structural Isomers
(diff structure same formula ;
C6H1206)
- a-glucose
- Brick Red in BT
- Respiration (energy)
& Growth of LM
- Glucose, Fructose, Lactose
- Disaccharides (Double Sugars)
- 2 Monosaccharides Joined/Broken
- Condensation Reaction - 2 molecules join with the formation of a
chemical bond (glyicosdic bond) and elimination of water
- Hydrolysis Reaction - Breaking chemical bond between 2
molecules with the addition of water
- Boiling with acid or Heating with an enzyme at OT
- Boiling with acid or Heating with an enzyme at OT
- Condensation Reaction - 2 molecules join with the formation of a
chemical bond (glyicosdic bond) and elimination of water
- Sucrose
- Glucose & Fructose
- Glucose & Fructose
- Lalactose
- Glucose & Galactose
- Glucose & Galactose
- Maltose
- Glucose & Glucose
- Glucose & Glucose
- Positive in BT except Sucrose
- Mono + Mono= Disac
C6H12O6 + C6H1206 =
C12H22011
- 2 Monosaccharides Joined/Broken
- Polysaccharide (many sugars)
- Starch
- a-glucose
- Storage carbohydrate in plants found in
starch grain (cytoplasm of cell)
- Long branched chains & Helical shape
- Osmotically Inactive (does not draw water in via
osmosis preventing cell damage)
- made up of 2 diff Carbohydrates
- a-glucose
- Glycogen
- a-glucose
- More branched chains (hydrolysed faster)
- Storage Carbohydrate in animals found in liver and muscle tissues
- osmoticlly inactive
- a-glucose
- Celloulose
- b-glucose (inverted)
- Long straight chains
- hydroxyl groups on end of chains to form hydrogen bonds
- hydrogen bonds between macro fibrils provide strength
- Macro fibrils provide strength and rigidity
- Macro fibrils provide strength and rigidity
- hydrogen bonds between macro fibrils provide strength
- hydroxyl groups on end of chains to form hydrogen bonds
- b-glucose (inverted)
- Unsweet & Insoluble
- Non- Reducing Sugars
(negative BT)
- Formed by Condensation reaction
- Starch
- Monosaccharides (Single sugar)
- Lipids
- Triglycerides
- 3 Fatty acids & 1 Gycerol
- R Group - Long hydrocarbon chain
- R Group - Long hydrocarbon chain
- Formed by condensation reaction (3
easter bond formed and 3H20 removed
- saturated - no double carbon bonds
between Carbon atoms
- Unsaturated- double bond
- High portion of H to C bond- X2 much energy as carbohydrate in aerobic resperation
- High ratio of H to O atoms- realsing water as a product of respiration
- osmitcally inactive- ideal storage compounds
- present in waxy cuticle of insects and plant leaves preventing water loss
- present in waxy cuticle of insects and plant leaves preventing water loss
- High ratio of H to O atoms- realsing water as a product of respiration
- 3 Fatty acids & 1 Gycerol
- Phospholipids
- 2 Fatty Acids 1 Glycerol 1 Phosphate G
- condensation (Easter bond)
- Polar Hydrophilic head & Non-polar Hydrophobic Tail
- In Water - tails replant and project outwards and heads attracted to water
- Cell Membrane- form a BILAYER. Tails attracted to each other away from water.
- In Water - tails replant and project outwards and heads attracted to water
- 2 Fatty Acids 1 Glycerol 1 Phosphate G
- Triglycerides
- Water
- Weak Hydrogen bonds between water Molecules providing
cohesive forces(sticking together)
- Metabolic Reactions
- solvent
- Metabolite
- Photosynthesis
- Product
- solvent
- Solvent
- Transport of nutrients
- Remove executory products
- metabolic reactions occur
- Transport of nutrients
- Temperature Regulation
- High Heat Capacity (absorb before rise in temp)
- Large Latent Heat of vaporisation (cooling effect)
- High Heat Capacity (absorb before rise in temp)
- Support
- Strong Cohesion
- support coloumbs of water
- Surface tension for insects to walk on water
- support coloumbs of water
- Not easily compressed - turgor pressure (full of water)
- Buoyancy
- Strong Cohesion
- Weak Hydrogen bonds between water Molecules providing
cohesive forces(sticking together)
- Inorganic Ions
- Sodium
- Co-transport of Glucose & Amino Acids across CM
- Co-transport of Glucose & Amino Acids across CM
- Iron
- Component of haemoglobin which transports oxygen
- Component of haemoglobin which transports oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Determining pH which effects protein
structure and enzyme shape
- Determining pH which effects protein
structure and enzyme shape
- Phosphate
- Structural component of DNA, RNA, ATP
- Structural component of DNA, RNA, ATP
- Sodium
- Tests
- Starch/Iodine Test
- 2-3 drops iodine, blue/black present, yellow not present
- 2-3 drops iodine, blue/black present, yellow not present
- Emulsion/ Lipid Test
- Ethanol , shake, water, mix, white cloudy emulsion of fat droplets
- Ethanol , shake, water, mix, white cloudy emulsion of fat droplets
- Bendicts Test
- Reducing
- Sample & BS same volume, heat in water bath, brick red/orange percipaite
then positive, blue then not a RS
- Sample & BS same volume, heat in water bath, brick red/orange percipaite
then positive, blue then not a RS
- Non- Reducing
- Confirm negative results, Hydrolyse with HCL, Cool, Neutralise with NaOH,
add same volume of BS, Heat in water bath, Positive result if brick red
precipitate
- Confirm negative results, Hydrolyse with HCL, Cool, Neutralise with NaOH,
add same volume of BS, Heat in water bath, Positive result if brick red
precipitate
- Reducing
- Starch/Iodine Test
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