4679126
Descrição
Mapa Mental por Lilac Potato, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Lilac Potato
mais de 8 anos atrás
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GCSE AQA Chemistry 1
Fuels & The Environment
- Crude Oil
- Mixture of hydrocarbons
- Fuels made of carbon & hydrogen
- No chemical bonds - keep
their original properties
- Can separate using fractional distillation
- Column works continuously - heated
crude oil pumped in at bottom
- Vaporised oil rises up & various
fractions tapped off as they condense
- Vaporised oil rises up & various
fractions tapped off as they condense
- Column works continuously - heated
crude oil pumped in at bottom
- Can separate using fractional distillation
- Fuels made of carbon & hydrogen
- Properties
- Made up of hydrocarbons - alkanes
- Chains of carbon atoms
surrounded by hydrogen atoms
- Different length chains
- Carbon forms 4 bonds
& hydrogen forms 1
- Different length chains
- First 4: Methane, Ethane,
Propane, Butane
- Forms as many bonds
as possible - saturated
- Forms as many bonds
as possible - saturated
- Shorter molecules - more runny (less viscous)
- Shorter molecules -
more volatile
- Shorter molecules - more flammable
- Shorter molecules - more flammable
- Shorter molecules -
more volatile
- Chains of carbon atoms
surrounded by hydrogen atoms
- General formula: CnH2n+2
- Made up of hydrocarbons - alkanes
- Uses
- Volatilty - refinery gas - good as bottled gas
- Petrol - higher boiling point - liquid
- Viscous hydrocarbons - lubricants
- Viscous hydrocarbons - lubricants
- Petrol - higher boiling point - liquid
- Volatilty - refinery gas - good as bottled gas
- Mixture of hydrocarbons
- Crude oil as a fuel
- Burn cleanly so good fuels
- Transport, central heating, power stations
- Transport, central heating, power stations
- Also provides raw materials for
making chemicals - plastics
- Alternatives are possible but
things are set up for oil fractions -
easier, cheaper & more reliable
- Will run out - non-renewable fuel
- New reserves being discovered
& technology improving
- Should start conserving
& finding alternatives
- New reserves being discovered
& technology improving
- Burn cleanly so good fuels
- Environmental problems
- Burning fossil fuels
- Power stations & cars
- hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water vapour
- Energy (heat) also produced
- If fuel contains sulphur impurities
- sulphur dioxide released
- If enough oxygen - complete combustion, if not then partial
- Soot, unburnt fuel & carbon monoxide released
- Global Dimming - particles
reflect sunlight back into Space
- Global Dimming - particles
reflect sunlight back into Space
- Soot, unburnt fuel & carbon monoxide released
- Causes acid rain - sulphur dioxide mixes
with clouds to form dilute sulphuric acid
- Same with
nitrogen oxides
- Plants & animals die, kills trees, damages limestone buildings & statues & possible health probs
- Reducing sulphur emissions
- Can be removed before burning - £££
- Power stations have Acid Gas Scrubbers - take harmful gas out before release
- Power stations have Acid Gas Scrubbers - take harmful gas out before release
- Can be removed before burning - £££
- Same with
nitrogen oxides
- If enough oxygen - complete combustion, if not then partial
- Energy (heat) also produced
- Power stations & cars
- Increasing carbon dioxide = Climate Change
- Causes global warming, changing rainfall patterns, flooding
- Causes global warming, changing rainfall patterns, flooding
- Alternative fuels being developed
- Ethanol - plant material - biofuel from fermentation
- Carbon neutral, engines need to
be converted, stop growing crops
- Carbon neutral, engines need to
be converted, stop growing crops
- Biodiesel - vegetable oils
- Carbon neutral, don't need to
convert engines, can't make
enough to replace diesel, expensive
- Carbon neutral, don't need to
convert engines, can't make
enough to replace diesel, expensive
- Hydrogen gas - electrolysis of water
- Clean, need special engine, not
widely available, hard to store
- Clean, need special engine, not
widely available, hard to store
- Ethanol - plant material - biofuel from fermentation
- Burning fossil fuels
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