INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL DIVERSITY

STRUCTURE AND SPECIALIZATION
1. Nervous tissue and muscle tissue
2. Multicellular
3. Heterotroph (ingest food)
4. Cells lack cell wall
5. Bodies held together (collagen)
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
1. Have one larval stage
2. Hox genes
  1. Regulate development body form
  2. Produce wide diversity of animal morphology
3. Zygote undergoes rapid development called as clevage
4. Reproduce sexually
5. Diploid stage dominate life cycle
6. Larva
  1. Sexually immature
  2. Distinct from adult
HISTORY OF LIFE SPAN
1. 2. PALEOZOIC ERA
  1. Cambrian explosion
    1. Cause by
      1. Prey-predator relationship
      2. Rise in level of atmospheric oxygen
      3. Hox genes evolution
    2. Earliest fossil animal
  2. 542-251 million years ago
2. 3. MESOZOIC ERA
  1. First mammals emerged
  2. Dinosaurs were dominant terrestrial vertebrates
  3. 252-65.5 million years ago
  4. Coral reefs emerged
    1. Important marine ecological niches
3. 4. CENOZOIC ERA
  1. Mass extinction (land and aquatic)
  2. Insect diversified
  3. Modern mammals orders
  4. 65.5 million years ago - present
  5. Global climate cooled
4. 1. NEOPROTEROZOIC ERA
  1. 1 billion - 542 million years ago
BODY PLAN
1. To categories animals
2. SYMMETRY
  1. Radial
    1. Often sessile or planktonic (drifting or weakly swimming)
    3. No front and back, or left and right
  2. Bilateral
    2. Two sided symmetry
    3. Characteristic
      1. Cephalization, the development of a head
      2. A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
      3. Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) end
      4. A right and left side
    4. Move actively and have a central nervous system
3. TISSUE
  1. Diploblastic animals
    1. Ectoderm
      1. Germ layer covering the embryo’s surface
    2. Endoderm
      1. Innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron
  2. Triploblastic animals
    1. + Mesoderm
    2. Three germ layers
    3. Include all bilaterians
4. CAVITIES
  1. Coelomates
  2. Acolomates
  3. Pseudocoelomates
5. A grade is a group whose members share key biological features
CLEAVAGE
1. Deuterostrome
  1. Cleavage is radial and indeterminate
4. Protostrome
  1. Cleavage is spiral and determinate

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