Chemistry 4: Module 1

Anexos:

• Structure of Benzene

1. Kekule's model
2. Delocalised model
3. Evidence
   1. Bond length
   2. Enthalpy change of hydrogenation
   3. Resistance to reaction

1. General mechanism
2. Resistance to bromination of benzene
3. Examples
   1. With concentrated nitric acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid
   2. With a halogen in the presence of a halogen carrier

1. Reaction with aqueous alkalis and with sodium
2. Reaction with bromine
3. Ease of bromination of phenol compared with benzene
4. Uses of phenols

1. Oxidation of alcohols using acidified potassium dichromate
   1. Primary alcohols
      1. Control of products using different conditions
   2. Secondary alcohols
2. Oxidation of aldehydes using acidified potassium dichromate
3. Reduction using NaBH4
4. Mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions

1. 2,4-DNP
   1. Detect carbonyl group
   2. Identify from derivative
2. Tollens' reagent
   1. Distinguishing aldehydes and ketones
      1. Oxidation equations

1. Explain solubility
2. Describe reactions with...
   1. Metals
   2. Carbonates
   3. Bases

1. Esterification of...
   1. Carboxylic acids and alcohols
   2. Acid anhydrides and alcohols
2. Hydrolysis of esters
   1. In acid conditions
   2. In alkali conditions
3. Uses of esters
4. Triglyceride as triester of glycerol and acids
5. Compare structures of saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and fatty acids
   1. Health concerns and cholesterol
6. Uses in biodiesel

1. Explain
2. Describe reactions with acids

1. Aliphatic amines
2. Aromatic amines
3. Conditions of both

1. Reaction of aromatic amine
2. Formation of diazonium ion
3. Coupling with phenol
4. Use of reactions in formation of dyestuffs