DEINDIVIDUATION (DI):Process whereby
people lose their sense of
individual identity (II) and engage in
unsocialised, often agg. beh.
OCC.=It is dark
OCC.=Uniform/costume
OCC.=Crowd
OCC.=Under
influence
DENIER: DI caused by
self-awareness blocked by
environmental events. Less
able to consider conseq.
and perception becomes
distorted.
Eval: I-Supp. for DI E-ZIMBARDO's
hoods study-2 groups, 1
individuated, 1 DI (hoods, face
cover, no nametags, groups), found
that DI administered 2x compared
to indiv-concluded that DI ^likely to
indulge in agg. beh. E-(+)Controlled
enviro., C+E. (-) gynocentric, lacks
eco. validity. L-TF despite
compelling evidence, cannot
generalise to men as well
Eval: I-Conflicting evidence.
E-JOHNSON+DOWNING-outfits worn by
DI ppts. resembled KKK uniforms,
increase of shocks be due to exp of agg,
rather than concealing. E-Carried out
similar exp, but both uniform, one KKK,
one nurse. Shocks: (+)KKK, (-)Nurse.
Suggest social cues are more important,
than DI. DENIER-DI=Pro-social feelings i.e.
religious rallies. L-TF highlights theory
that it may not always agg. that DI causes.
Eval: I-WATSON-cross-cultural (CC)
study.E-Looked at records of diff. cultures,
see how they prepared for warfare., Ritual
covering-DI, divided those who were
brutal/those who were not. 13 brutal-12
adopted disguises. Only 3 less cruel were
DI. Strong assoc. (+)disguise=(+)
E-(+)Looked at many cultures, diverse.
(-)Not applic. to everyone, only warfare.
L-Both studies lend strong supp. for DI,
therefore can be sure it is valid, because
concurrent validity.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY-SLT
BANDURA-Agg. beh. learned through
vicarious reinforcement (VR) or direct
reinforcement (DR). For agg. beh. to be
internalised, it must be rewarding in some
way.
DR: If child pushes
another child=reward,
action is reinforced and
more likely to occur in
future.
VR: If child sees role
model beh.
agg.=rewarded,
^likely to imitate
beh.
Eval: I-Supp. BANDURA's BOBO
DOLL. E-When put in a room full
of toys, the children went to
harm bobo doll due to watching
adult hit doll=rewarded. E-Supp.
SLT BC, it shows that children
learnt to be agg. via
imitation+observ., learnt
through VR. E-(-)Participant
variables, children may have
been brought up to be vio. Lack
eco. valid. bc not real person.
L-Method. issues undermine
SLT to exp. agg bc, cannot be
applied to everyone,
(-)generalisability. TF more
search neede.
Eval: I-Unlike bio. theories, SLT can
account for lack of consistency
E-Agg at home, meek at work. Diff.
situations=diff. approaches. E-(+)
Abiity to exp. diff. in agg. in diff. cul.
Some cultures emphasise
vio/nonvio beh. L-TF there is a lot of
supp. evid. for SLT because able to
adapt.
Eval: I-ALT theory: SEROTONIN
E-NT, with res. investigating
effects of ST on agg. Animal
research has found that ST
influences agg+vio behaviours.
LENARD found that low
ST=aggression, depression,
impulsive behaviours, overeating,
alc. abuse+ violent suicide.
A child's Agg role
models may be:
PARENT
AUTHORITY
FIGURE
SIMILARITIES
CELEBRITIES
INSTITUTIONAL AGGRESION
SITUATIONAL: Refers to factors
present in social situation that can
collectively encourage showing of
certain behaviours that would not
otherwise be seen.
DEPRIVATION MODEL (DM): The prisoners
experiencing a lack of human needs, highly
frustrating+ may lead to agg. reaction.
Deprived of:
FREEDOM
CONTROL
GOODS+SERVICES
SECURITY
HETEROSEXUAL
RELATIONSHIPS
Eval: Supp. for DM.
EJIANG-Studied 43 M prison
records in SS, found that DM was
most likely to explain inmate vio.
towards staff. E-1 of the largest
studies in this area.
MCCORKIE-Failed to support
theory. Sample consisted of 371
state prisons in the US, little
evidence between vio=living
conditions. Claim that serious
violence is consequence of
MANAGEMENT rather than
GENERAL DEPPRIVATION. L-TF this
study does have good supp. evid.
but the sample did not connect,
TF further evid. may be needed.
DISPOSITIONAL: Results of the dispositions of
the personalities of the indiv, suggests agg.
beh. is not a product of institution.
AO1: CHEESEMAN: said that m in
prison have a certain way of
behaving, then apply it to new
setting i.e. prison.
AO1: TOCH-Suggests that
young people can be agg. on
street/prison. Gang members
would continue their gang
culture inside prison.
^proportion of inmate attacks
are gang related.
AO1: KANE+JANUS: Inmates
who have greater periods of
unemploment,(-) levels of
ed.+more serious crim. record
were more likely to be agg. in
prison.
AO1: MILLS, KRONER, WEEKES:
Canadian study, found inmates who
had^levels of alcohol
dependancy=^levels of agg
Eval: I-Evid to supp. IM comes from
DELISI, analysed records of 831 M
inmates sampled from USA. E-Small
significant relationships, gang
members=prison agg. Maybe subcultural
views-imported. E-Correlational, No C+E.
HOWEVER POOLE+REGOLI- found that
among juv. offenders, pre-institutional
vio, best predictor of inmate agg.
regardless of features of institution.
Suggests gang members continue to act
agg. once in prison, bring it with them,
rather than a product. L-TF this is good
support for IM.