537296
Descrição
Mapa Mental por Louisa Wania, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Louisa Wania
quase 11 anos atrás
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|
B1 Keeping Healthy
- Healthy Diets
- Correct
balance of the
different foods
which our body
needs:
carbohydrates,
fats, proteins,
vitamins,
minerals, and
water.
- A person is malnourished if
their diet isn't balanced.
- Leads to a person being too fat or too thin.
- Can lead to deficiency
diseases and conditions such
as Type 2 diabetes.
- Leads to a person being too fat or too thin.
- Correct
balance of the
different foods
which our body
needs:
carbohydrates,
fats, proteins,
vitamins,
minerals, and
water.
- Exercise
- Increases the amount of energy
expended by the body.
- A person will lose mass if the energy
content of food taken in is less than the
amount of energy expended by the body.
- People who exercise regularly
are usually healthier than
people who take little exercise.
- Increases the amount of energy
expended by the body.
- Metabolic Rate
- The metabolic rate is the rate at which all
chemical reactions are carried out in the cells of
the body.
- The rate varies with
- The amount of activity you do (your metabolic rate
increases with the amount of exercise you do, and
stays high for some time afterwards.
- The proportion of muscle to fat in your body.
- The amount of activity you do (your metabolic rate
increases with the amount of exercise you do, and
stays high for some time afterwards.
- The metabolic rate is the rate at which all
chemical reactions are carried out in the cells of
the body.
- Bacteria and Viruses
- They are pathogens.
- Defence against Pathogens
- White blood cells
- ingest pathogens
- produce antitoxins to neutralize toxins
- produce antibodies to
destroy particular
pathogens (this leads to
immunity from that
pathogen)
- ingest pathogens
- White blood cells
- Defence against Pathogens
- The differences
- Bacteria: very small, reproduce very
quickly, can produce toxins that make us
feel ill, responsible for illnesses such as
tetanus, cholera, tuberculosis
- Viruses: smaller than bacteria, reproduce very
quickly once inside the living cell (which is then
damaged), can produce toxins, responsible for
illnesses like colds, flu, measles, polio
- Bacteria: very small, reproduce very
quickly, can produce toxins that make us
feel ill, responsible for illnesses such as
tetanus, cholera, tuberculosis
- They are pathogens.
- Treatment for Diseases
- Painkillers
- Alleviate symptoms but don't kill pathogens
- Alleviate symptoms but don't kill pathogens
- Antibiotics
- Often used to kill bacteria inside the body
- Specific bacteria have to be treated with specific antibiotics
- Specific bacteria have to be treated with specific antibiotics
- Cannot kill viruses
- It is difficult to develop
drugs that kill viruses
without damaging the
body's tissues
- It is difficult to develop
drugs that kill viruses
without damaging the
body's tissues
- Overuse of Antibiotics
- When antibiotics are overused, the
bacteria may mutate to develop strains that are
immune to that certain antibiotic
- Some individual bacteria may have natural resistance to an antibiotic
- When bacteria of the
non-resistant strain are killed, the
resistant strain survive and
reproduce, thus increasing the
population of the resistant strain
- Some individual bacteria may have natural resistance to an antibiotic
- When antibiotics are overused, the
bacteria may mutate to develop strains that are
immune to that certain antibiotic
- Often used to kill bacteria inside the body
- Vaccination
- A person acquires immunity to
a particular disease by being
vaccined
- If a large proportion of the
population are immune to a
pathogen then the spread of
the pathogen is very much
reduced
- If a large proportion of the
population are immune to a
pathogen then the spread of
the pathogen is very much
reduced
- An inactive/dead pathogen is injected into the body
- White blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen
- White blood cells are now sensitized to this pathogen and will
respond to any future infection rapidly and therefore the body has
acquired immunity to this pathogen
- White blood cells are now sensitized to this pathogen and will
respond to any future infection rapidly and therefore the body has
acquired immunity to this pathogen
- White blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen
- A person acquires immunity to
a particular disease by being
vaccined
- Painkillers
- Preparing Cultures
- Culture Medium
- Microorganisms can be grown in culture mediums
containing various nutrients that the microorganism
may need
- May include: carbohydrates, mineral ions, vitamins, proteins
- Agar is most commonly used as the growth medium
- Soft jelly-like substance that melts easily
and re-solidifies at around 50 degrees
Celsius
- The other
nutrients are
added to agar in
order to provide
the ideal
growing
conditions for
cultures
- Soft jelly-like substance that melts easily
and re-solidifies at around 50 degrees
Celsius
- May include: carbohydrates, mineral ions, vitamins, proteins
- Microorganisms can be grown in culture mediums
containing various nutrients that the microorganism
may need
- Uncontaminated Cultures
- Required for investigating the
action of antibiotics and
disinfectants
- Sterilization of petri dishes and
culture medium using an autoclave
- Sterilization of inoculating loops (do not
blow on the loop or wave it around as it
will pick up more microorganisms)
- Sealing the petri with tape dish after
the agar has been poured in and
allowed to cool. The dish should be
stored upside down so the
condensation forms in the lid.
- Sealing the petri with tape dish after
the agar has been poured in and
allowed to cool. The dish should be
stored upside down so the
condensation forms in the lid.
- Sterilization of inoculating loops (do not
blow on the loop or wave it around as it
will pick up more microorganisms)
- Required for investigating the
action of antibiotics and
disinfectants
- Culture Medium
- Ignaz Semmelweiss
- Reduced patient deaths in wards from 12% to 1% in his
local hospitals by insisting that doctors washed their
hands after surgery and before visiting another patient
- His work and the work of other subsequent
scientists has led to the creation of many
modern hygiene standards in hospitals and has
reduced the chance of infections being spread
- His work and the work of other subsequent
scientists has led to the creation of many
modern hygiene standards in hospitals and has
reduced the chance of infections being spread
- Reduced patient deaths in wards from 12% to 1% in his
local hospitals by insisting that doctors washed their
hands after surgery and before visiting another patient
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